BIO 469 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Transect, Invertebrate, Desiccation

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coffeebear683

13 Jun 2018

School

URI

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIO 469

Professor

Leocadio Blanco-Bercial

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Rocky Shores

● What is the Littoral Zone?

○ The zone between high- and low-tide that is present on any shoreline

○ Intertidal - extreme low tide to extreme high tide ( the SPRING tides)

○ A full gradient of environments between fully terrestrial and fully marine

○ Waves and spray

● Rocky Coasts (S and N shore)

○ Very exposed to waves, mostly attached organisms like barnacles, limpets and

snails

● Mudflats (St. David’s, Spanish Point)

○ Low energy environment

○ Burrowing animals, such as clams, worms

○ Wading birds

● Mangroves (Hungry Bay, Riddell's Bay, Foot of the Lane)

○ Low energy environment

○ Burrowing animals, ghost crabs, hermit crabs, sponges and algae attached to the

mangrove roots

In all these habitats, at high tide, fish move in to feed and then they retreat when the tide falls

● Environmental variation on the intertidal shore

○ Vary from low to high tide levels ( within a vertical transect - spatial)

○ Vary from location to location (between transects, horizontal - spatial)

○ Vary seasonally (temporal)

○ Vary over the tide cycle (temporal)

● Variable conditions on the shore

○ Wet to dry

○ Submersion/emersion

○ Cool to hot

○ Hypersaline to freshwater

○ Wave energy

○ Predation and competition

● Zonation

○ Occurrence of dominant species in distinct, horizontal bands (patterns that we

see)

■ Physical

■ Physiological

■ Biological interactions

● What causes zonal distributions?

○ Physical factors

■ Wave action - high energy wave impacts

■ Temperature & dryness

○ Physiological factors

■ Desiccation

■ Oxygen uptake

■ Feeding behavior

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Document Summary

The zone between high- and low-tide that is present on any shoreline. Intertidal - extreme low tide to extreme high tide ( the spring tides) A full gradient of environments between fully terrestrial and fully marine. Very exposed to waves, mostly attached organisms like barnacles, limpets and snails. Mangroves (hungry bay, riddell"s bay, foot of the lane) Burrowing animals, ghost crabs, hermit crabs, sponges and algae attached to the mangrove roots. In all these habitats, at high tide, fish move in to feed and then they retreat when the tide falls. Vary from low to high tide levels ( within a vertical transect - spatial) Vary from location to location (between transects, horizontal - spatial) Occurrence of dominant species in distinct, horizontal bands (patterns that we. Wave action - high energy wave impacts. Remaining within the zone of survival - resisting drag. Structural tactics - thread, other secretions, spines, suckers and adhesive feet, home sites (scars)

Related Questions

7) According to the Red Queen hypothesis,

A) the population density of a predator depends on thepopulation density of its prey.

B) natural selection should favor the most efficientforagers.

C) prey must continually evolve means of avoiding capture toavoid extinction.

D) most predators consume a varied diet in order to meet theirnutritional requirements.

8) Which of the following is an example of crypticcoloration?

A) a brown bird that nests on the ground

B) a deer with a large, white tail

C) skunks with black and white stripes

D) snakes with black, yellow, and red bands

9) Which of the following is not a class of plant secondarycompounds?

A) terpenoids

B) phenolics

C) nitrogen-based compounds

D) alkanes

15) When an ecologist compares the diversity of differentcommunities by counting the number of species within eachcommunity, the measure of diversity being used is called

A) species evenness.

B) species diversity.

C) species richness.

D) relative abundance.

16) In a rank-abundance curve comparing two communities, thecommunity with the greater species richness is characterized bya

A) lesser length of the curve and a more gradual slope.

B) lesser length of the curve and a steeper slope.

C) greater length of the curve and a more gradual slope.

D) greater length of the curve and a steeper slope

19) The layer of a forest in which decomposition takes place andmineral nutrients are released for reuse by plants is calledthe

A) canopy.

B) understory.

C) herb layer.

D) forest floor.

20) Zonation within a community is typically the result ofdifferences in the

A) patterns of predation among species within a community.

B) rates of reproduction among species within a community.

C) patterns of competition among species within a community.

D) physical characteristics of the environment across a spatialgradient.

21) Food webs are typically arranged into trophic levelswith

A) primary producers at the bottom, herbivores in the middle,and carnivores at the top.

B) herbivores at the bottom, carnivores in the middle, andprimary producers at the top.

C) carnivores at the bottom, herbivores in the middle, andprimary producers at the top.

D) primary producers at the bottom, carnivores in the middle,and herbivores at the top.

22) When top-down control occurs within an intertidal zone alongthe rocky coastline of the Pacific Ocean, which of the followingspecies controls the abundance of other species?

A) kelp

B) mussels

C) barnacles

D) starfish

23) In coastal aquatic environments, the three majorenvironmental gradients of water that directly influence thedistribution and dynamics of communities include

A) temperature, depth, and top down regulation.

B) depth, aposematic coloring, and salinity.

C) pressure, temperature, and depth.

D) tidal action, salinity, and oxygen content.

28) The number of species within a community is usually greatestwhen

A) no disturbance occurs.

B) a low frequency of disturbance occurs.

C) an intermediate frequency of disturbance occurs.

D) a high rate of disturbance occurs

29) Succession in a community involves

A) only autotrophic species.

B) only heterotrophic species.

C) both autotrophic and heterotrophic species.

D) only detritivorous species.

32) The highest diversity of plant and animal life occurs in

A) tropical savannas.

B) tropical rain forests.

C) temperate deciduous forests.

D) boreal forests.

33) Plants that root and grow on other plants in the tropicalrain forest are called

A) phreatophytes.

B) succulents.

C) epiphytes.

D) halophytes.

34) Tropical Savannas typically occur in

A) cold areas with little rainfall in polar regions.

B) cold areas with little rainfall at high altitudes in thetropics.

C) very dry areas in the rain shadow of mountains of bothtemperate and tropical latitudes.

D) warm areas with seasonal rainfall in the tropics.

37) The vegetation of tundra is dominated by

A) broadleaf deciduous trees.

B) short ground covering plants such as sedges and heaths.

C) needle-leaf evergreen trees.

D) sclerophyllous broadleaf evergreen shrubs.

38) The part of a rocky shore in which barnacles, oysters,mussels, limpets, and brown algae are most common is called the

A) littoral or intertidal zone.

B) infralittoral or subtidal zone.

C) supralittoral or supratidal zone.

D) superlittoral or supertidal zone.

39) In comparison to rocky coasts, intertidal organisms livingon sandy or muddy beaches

A) experience greater variability in salinity.

B) experience greater variability in temperature.

C) are more likely to be attached to the substrate.

D) are more likely live burrowed and emerge with the incomingtide.

40) In salt marshes, predatory fish move in when

A) the tide is high.

B) migratory fishes are spawning.

C) the sun goes down.

D) salinity is low.

41) Intertidal mud flats in tropical regions are typicallycomposed of

A) salt marshes.

B) peatlands.

C) mangrove forests or mangals.

D) oysterbeds.

42) Mangrove swamps

A) are formed by a single species of tree adapted to variablesalinities.

B) have relatively anoxic soils.

C) occur mostly in temperate latitudes.

D) typically occur along rocky coastlines subjected to heavywave action.

43) Freshwater wetlands dominated by woody vegetation arereferred to as

A) swamps.

B) marshes.

C) mangrove forests or mangals.

D) prairie potholes.

44) The number of species of living organisms on the planet isprobably closest to

A) 100,000.

B) 1,000,000.

C) 10,000,000.

D) 100,000,000.

45) The end of the Permian period was characterized by a massextinction of

A) shallow-water marine invertebrates.

B) dinosaurs and other large reptiles.

C) small mammals.

D) large mammals.

46) The dinosaurs and many other animals became extinct at theend of the

A) Cambrian period.

B) Permian period.

C) Cretaceous period.

D) Pleistocene epoch.

47) Species richness of terrestrial plants and animals increaseswith

A) latitude.

B) the structural diversity of plant communities.

C) elevation.

D) flatter terrain.

48) In marine environments,

A) both species richness and productivity increase withlatitude.

B) species richness increases and productivity decreases withlatitude.

C) species richness decreases and productivity increases withlatitude.

D) both species richness and productivity decrease withlatitude.

49) As temperatures decreases with latitude in marineenvironments,

A) both species richness and species dominance increase.

B) species richness increases and species dominancedecreases.

C) species richness decreases but productivity increases.

D) both species richness and species dominance decrease.

50) All species eventually become extinct

A) True

B) False

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