BIOL 207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Medial Collateral Ligament, Proximal Radioulnar Articulation, Tendon Sheath
synovial joints have 2 functions; provides motion and bearing weight
• the 3 most damaged structures of the knee; medial collateral ligament. the medial meniscus.
anterior cruciate ligament.
Classification of synovial joints (possible test question) (pg. 262, figure 8.1)
• synovial joints are classified as follows; the shape of the articulating ends of the involved bones
that make up the joint.
• Ball in Socket Joint (multi axial): this joint can move in all different types of angles, has the
widest range of movement. example would be shoulder joint. where the ball (shaped head) fits into a
socket.
• Hinge Joint (uni axial - can only go in 1 axis): where a convect surface (trochlea of the humerus)
fits into a concavity - semilunar notch of ulna. the elbow joint and the interphalangeal joint (fingers)
• pivot joint (uni axial): where motion is limited to rotation. atlas and axis are examples. also the
proximal radioulnar joint.
Bursa(e) and tendon sheath
• Bursae: these are closed FCT (fibrous connective tissue) sacs with an inner lining of synovial
membrane which are found in spaces of CT between tendons, ligaments, bones, OR generally where
friction develops (friction pads).
• facilitate the moving or gliding of the skin, muscles or tendons over (A) bony or ligamentous
surfaces OR (B) over each other
Bursa (cont.)
• facilitates movement of one structure over another (most bursa is tiny, larger ones are found
near the patella)
• 3 categories of bursa:
• Subcutaneous - beneath the skin. found between the skin and underline bony process. this is so
the skin doesn't rub directly on the bone, and an example is on the elbow.
• subtendinous - found where tendons are located. Found where one tendon overlies a bony
projection OR another tendon.
• subfacial - these are located beneath the deep fascia of muscles.
Tendon Sheath (pg 255, figure 8.4) (pg.264-knee, pg.255/267-shoulder)
• tendon sheaths essentially are elongated bursae that have become wrapped completely around
the length of a tendon which often is subject to friction. example is lateral head of the biceps, has a long
tendon sheath. as does the achilles tendon. in tendentious, the tendon sheath is inflamed, not the
tendon itself.
Disorders of joints
Mechanical disorders
• sprain - the ligaments reinforcing a joint are either stretched or torn.
Disorders of the joints
Mechanical disorders (cont.)
• sprain - ligaments are stretched or torn
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• ***do’t ofuse ith strai, hih refers to a usle pull
• torn or ruptured cartilage - knee joint
• dislocation/luxation - occurs when bones are forced out of their normal position in a joint cavity
• reducing - term used for putting bones back into normal realignment (unusual/unnatural space
from the bone being forced out of their normal position is reduced)
Inflammatory, degenerative, and metabolic conditions
• bursitis - itis (inflammation) of a synovial bursae. caused by excessive stress, excessive tension or
by excessive friction placed on that bursae. in rare instances can also be caused by bacterial infections.
(lyme disease is an example). the one bursa most affected is known as the subacromial bursa (pg 267.
figure 8.9) in the shoulder region.
• Tendonitis - the inflammation of the tendon sheath (a specialized type of brusae that is
elongated and surrounds long regions). this causes the tendon itself to disintegrate.
• arthritis - any kind of inflammation of a joint. hundreds of types of arthritis. there are 2 forms of
arthritis;
• acute arthritis; usually the result of a bacterial infection. examples would be lyme disease, as
well as rheumatic fever, which is a strep infection, generally a strep throat, this triggers production of
antibodies and they will attack the bacteria and kill it, however sometimes these would attack the heart
valves, and this is an autoimmune disease. the antibodies attack the heart valves instead of the bacteria.
• chronic arthritis;
• (first type of chronic arthritis) rheumatoid arthritis - (rheumat means susceptible to change of
flux characterized by periodic flair ups and remissions.) (remission - characterized by a temporary
decrease or subsidence of the manifestation of a disease) characterized to changes in fluctuations in
how you feel. it is systematic and an autoimmune disease. there are 4 stages to rheumatoid arthritis;
• 1) synovitis - the itis (inflammation) of the synovium - synovial membrane. the membrane
becomes inflamed and starts to swell. this inflammation begins to have swollen synovium beginning to
attach to the articular cargilages, and when that swollen synovium begins to attach to the surface of the
opposig oes of the joit this happes…
• 2) pannus - when the synovium becomes thick and the membrane begins to become
involved/fused with FCT. at this point, the synovium is attached to the end of the bones, and this
hinders the smooth movement of the bones.
• 3) fibrous ankylosis - ankylo; fusion or bent or crooked. ankylosis means the fixation of a joint in
an abnormal position. (another word is immobility). fibrous ankylosis means the bone is being held more
firmly than ever. these joins aren't moving very well
• 4) bony ankylosis - this is when, what formally was the pannus, begins to become calcified and
ossified (not normal process of ossification, instead of a massive accumulation of calcium deposits) at
this point the joint is beyond repair. this is the end stage of rheumatoid arthritis (usually knees neck and
spine in males, fingers in females).
• (2nd type) osteoarthritis - this is osystei, ot autoiue. this is ear ad tear arthritis.
only occurs in a particular spot that has been excessive use and repetitions used. the constant wear and
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Document Summary
Classification of synovial joints (possible test question) (pg. 262, figure 8. 1) that make up the joint. widest range of movement. example would be shoulder joint. where the ball (shaped head) fits into a. Ball in socket joint (multi axial): this joint can move in all different types of angles, has the. Bursa(e) and tendon sheath membrane which are found in spaces of ct between tendons, ligaments, bones, or generally where. Bursa (cont. ) near the patella) the skin doesn"t rub directly on the bone, and an example is on the elbow. projection or another tendon. subfacial - these are located beneath the deep fascia of muscles. Subcutaneous - beneath the skin. found between the skin and underline bony process. this is so subtendinous - found where tendons are located. Disorders of the joints sprain - the ligaments reinforcing a joint are either stretched or torn. Mechanical disorders (cont. ) sprain - ligaments are stretched or torn.
