BIO 110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Electronegativity, Covalent Bond, Hydrophile
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Ionic bonds are formed when two opposite charged ions (formed when atoms lose or gain electrons) encounter each other. These bonds can be viewed as âextreme polar covalent bondsâ as one atom is in total control of the otherâs electron(s). Why are ionic bonds so much weaker when they are in water?
A. | Ionic compounds such as salts are hydrophilic, so they prefer to form bonds with water molecules over other compounds. |
B. | Water molecules readily form covalent bonds to charged particles and, as these bonds are stronger than ionic bonds, the ionic bonds are pulled apart. |
C. | Water molecules shorten the size of covalent bonds and this weakens ionic interactions. |
D. | Water molecules readily donate electrons and nullify the positively charged ions. |
E. | Polar water molecules can physically interfere with the polar (positive/ negative) charged attraction between ions and thus the ionic bonds are disrupted and weakened. |
Fill in the following chart with the appropriate subatomic particle and state whether each is located in the nucleus of the orbital
Particle | Charge | Location (Nucleus or Orbital) |
Positive (+) | ||
Negative (-) | ||
Neutral Charge |
Fill in the following chart using the lowercase letter of the statements below. Please be aware that some letters should be used more than once because they are true for more than one type of bond.
Covalent Bonds | Ionic Bonds | Hydrogen Bonds |
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom
Valance electrons are shared between atoms
Involves positive and negative ions
A weak bond between 2 or more polar molecules
A bond between 2 or more atoms
The type of bond used to make NaCl (table salt)
The type of bond used to make CH4 (Methane)
What does it mean when a molecule is described as âpolar?â Be detailed in your answer.
State and explain two reasons that water molecules are essential to life because of their hydrogen bonds.
Fill in the chart with the missing information about macromolecules
Macromolecule | Dietary source | Function | Example | Defining Characteristics |
Carbohydrate | Cellulose and glucose | |||
Lipid | Fats, Oils | |||
Protein | ||||
Nucleic Acid | Sardines, beans, spinach | Made of nucleotides (contain a base, sugar and phosphate) |
The type of macromolecule found in highest concentration on a weight basis in a HeLa cell is
protein. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lipid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
polysaccharide. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
nucleic acid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
water Co and Zn ions are required by humans in
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Which of the following statements about water is not true?
Water will hydrogen bond into highly ordered structures or "cages" around non-polar molecules. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Water is a key player in the energetics of the hydrophobic effect. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In an ice crystal water molecules pack into open lattices consisting of five-membered oxygen rings. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At 25 degrees celsius liquid water is about 85% as hydrogen bonded as the water in ice, with each molecule in an average of 3.4 hydrogen bonds. Which of the following is the strongest?
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