NURS 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Blood Vessel, Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback
Cytology = study of cells
Basics
Levels of Organization
Organism -> System -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cell -> Organelle -> Macromolecule -> Molecule -> Atom
Organ Systems
Integumentary
-
Skeletal
-
Muscular
-
Nervous
-
Endocrine
-
Circulatory
-
Lymphatic
-
Respiratory
-
Digestive
-
Urinary
-
Male reproductive
-
Female reproductive
-
Homeostasis (balance)
"SAME"
-
Homeostasis and regulation via Feedback Mechanisms
Receptors pick up sensory information
○
Effectors: structures that cause a change
○
Negative feedback mechanism: going in opposite direction of what our sensory picks up e.g. too hot,
cool down
○
Positive feedback mechanism: going in the same direction e.g. clotting
Break in blood vessel causes bleeding -> damaged cells release chemicals -> clotting begins ->
additional chemicals released (positive feedback loop) clotting accelerates ---> blood clot plugs
break in vessel walls; bleeding spots
§
○
-
Anatomical and Medical Vocabulary
Medical Terms
Eponyms: terms coined from people's name
-
Scientific Terms:
Root: core meaning of term
-
Combining vowels
-
Positions
Anatomical Position: upright, palm facing forward
Supine: laying on back
Superior: towards head
Inferior: towards feet
Anterior: towards front of body
Posterior: towards back of the body
Distal: further away from torso
Proximal: close to torso
Lateral: side
Medial: middle
Caudal: time
Ipsilateral: same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Deep and Superficial deep/towards the surface
Cavities of the Body
Posterior
-
Anterior
-
Cranial
-
Thoracic
-
Spinal
-
Pericardial cavity
-
Diaphragm
-
Pelvic
-
Major Body Regions
Abdominal
Right/left upper quadrant, Right/left lower quadrant
○
Epigastric region = top, umbilical region = middle, hypogastric = below
○
-
Planes
Frontal is cut front/black
-
Sagittal is cut left and right
Midsagittal is right down the middle
○
-
Transverse is cut top/bottom
-
Cell Level of Organization
Cell Theory
All life forms are composed of cells
-
Cells are the basic unit of life "self-contained"
-
Cells carry out metabolic activities
-
Cells are self-replicating, cells divide and the genetic material is copied and carries into the next generation
of cells
-
Cell Forms
Gathers information
-
Reproduction
-
Fat Cell
-
Macrophage
-
Etc.
-
Nerve cell
-
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
-
Eukaryotic
-
General Cell Structure
Cell membrane
Function: move materials in and out of cell
○
Basic composition: phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins
○
Large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipids cannot cross through the membrane without
transport molecules
○
-
Cytoplasm, cyto=cell, plasm=form
Cytosol: solution in cell, primarily water
○
Organelles: membrane-bound structures with specific functions
○
Inclusions: store materials
○
Cytoskeleton; scaffolding; gives shape and support; allows movement
○
Appendages: cilia (eyelash) or flagella (long whip-like extension)
Composed of microtubules
§
Sperm cell with flagellum
§
Cells lining fallopian tubes with cilia
§
○
-
Types of Cells in Body
Germ (eggs and sperm)
-
Somatic (all other cells, body cells)
-
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through dividing
○
Under certain physiological or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue or organ
specific cells with special functions
○
-
Cell Junctions
Tight junction
-
Gap junction
-
Body Fluids
Solvent
-
Solute
-
Solvent and solute = solution
-
Intracellular, extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial)
-
T-402 Office Hours
Week 1 - 3/26
Monday, March 26, 2018
3:31 PM
Cytology = study of cells
Basics
Levels of Organization
Organism -> System -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cell -> Organelle -> Macromolecule -> Molecule -> Atom
Organ Systems
Integumentary
-
Skeletal
-
Muscular
-
Nervous
-
Endocrine
-
Circulatory
-
Lymphatic
-
Respiratory
-
Digestive
-
Urinary
-
Male reproductive
-
Female reproductive
-
Homeostasis (balance)
"SAME"
-
Homeostasis and regulation via Feedback Mechanisms
Receptors pick up sensory information
○
Effectors: structures that cause a change
○
Negative feedback mechanism: going in opposite direction of what our sensory picks up e.g. too hot,
cool down
○
Positive feedback mechanism: going in the same direction e.g. clotting
Break in blood vessel causes bleeding -> damaged cells release chemicals -> clotting begins ->
additional chemicals released (positive feedback loop) clotting accelerates ---> blood clot plugs
break in vessel walls; bleeding spots
§
○
-
Anatomical and Medical Vocabulary
Medical Terms
Eponyms: terms coined from people's name
-
Scientific Terms:
Root: core meaning of term
-
Combining vowels
-
Positions
Anatomical Position: upright, palm facing forward
Supine: laying on back
Superior: towards head
Inferior: towards feet
Anterior: towards front of body
Posterior: towards back of the body
Distal: further away from torso
Proximal: close to torso
Lateral: side
Medial: middle
Caudal: time
Ipsilateral: same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Deep and Superficial deep/towards the surface
Cavities of the Body
Posterior
-
Anterior
-
Cranial
-
Thoracic
-
Spinal
-
Pericardial cavity
-
Diaphragm
-
Pelvic
-
Major Body Regions
Abdominal
Right/left upper quadrant, Right/left lower quadrant
○
Epigastric region = top, umbilical region = middle, hypogastric = below
○
-
Planes
Frontal is cut front/black
-
Sagittal is cut left and right
Midsagittal is right down the middle
○
-
Transverse is cut top/bottom
-
Cell Level of Organization
Cell Theory
All life forms are composed of cells
-
Cells are the basic unit of life "self-contained"
-
Cells carry out metabolic activities
-
Cells are self-replicating, cells divide and the genetic material is copied and carries into the next generation
of cells
-
Cell Forms
Gathers information
-
Reproduction
-
Fat Cell
-
Macrophage
-
Etc.
-
Nerve cell
-
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
-
Eukaryotic
-
General Cell Structure
Cell membrane
Function: move materials in and out of cell
○
Basic composition: phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins
○
Large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipids cannot cross through the membrane without
transport molecules
○
-
Cytoplasm, cyto=cell, plasm=form
Cytosol: solution in cell, primarily water
○
Organelles: membrane-bound structures with specific functions
○
Inclusions: store materials
○
Cytoskeleton; scaffolding; gives shape and support; allows movement
○
Appendages: cilia (eyelash) or flagella (long whip-like extension)
Composed of microtubules
§
Sperm cell with flagellum
§
Cells lining fallopian tubes with cilia
§
○
-
Types of Cells in Body
Germ (eggs and sperm)
-
Somatic (all other cells, body cells)
-
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through dividing
○
Under certain physiological or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue or organ
specific cells with special functions
○
-
Cell Junctions
Tight junction
-
Gap junction
-
Body Fluids
Solvent
-
Solute
-
Solvent and solute = solution
-
Intracellular, extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial)
-
T-402 Office Hours
Week 1 - 3/26
Monday, March 26, 2018
3:31 PM
Cytology = study of cells
Basics
Levels of Organization
Organism -> System -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cell -> Organelle -> Macromolecule -> Molecule -> Atom
Organ Systems
Integumentary
-
Skeletal
-
Muscular
-
Nervous
-
Endocrine
-
Circulatory
-
Lymphatic
-
Respiratory
-
Digestive
-
Urinary
-
Male reproductive
-
Female reproductive
-
Homeostasis (balance)
"SAME"
-
Homeostasis and regulation via Feedback Mechanisms
Receptors pick up sensory information
○
Effectors: structures that cause a change
○
Negative feedback mechanism: going in opposite direction of what our sensory picks up e.g. too hot,
cool down
○
Positive feedback mechanism: going in the same direction e.g. clotting
Break in blood vessel causes bleeding -> damaged cells release chemicals -> clotting begins ->
additional chemicals released (positive feedback loop) clotting accelerates ---> blood clot plugs
break in vessel walls; bleeding spots
§
○
-
Anatomical and Medical Vocabulary
Medical Terms
Eponyms: terms coined from people's name
-
Scientific Terms:
Root: core meaning of term
-
Combining vowels
-
Positions
Anatomical Position: upright, palm facing forward
Supine: laying on back
Superior: towards head
Inferior: towards feet
Anterior: towards front of body
Posterior: towards back of the body
Distal: further away from torso
Proximal: close to torso
Lateral: side
Medial: middle
Caudal: time
Ipsilateral: same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Deep and Superficial deep/towards the surface
Cavities of the Body
Posterior
-
Anterior
-
Cranial
-
Thoracic
-
Spinal
-
Pericardial cavity
-
Diaphragm
-
Pelvic
-
Major Body Regions
Abdominal
Right/left upper quadrant, Right/left lower quadrant
○
Epigastric region = top, umbilical region = middle, hypogastric = below
○
-
Planes
Frontal is cut front/black
-
Sagittal is cut left and right
Midsagittal is right down the middle
○
-
Transverse is cut top/bottom
-
Cell Level of Organization
Cell Theory
All life forms are composed of cells
-
Cells are the basic unit of life "self-contained"
-
Cells carry out metabolic activities
-
Cells are self-replicating, cells divide and the genetic material is copied and carries into the next generation
of cells
-
Cell Forms
Gathers information
-
Reproduction
-
Fat Cell
-
Macrophage
-
Etc.
-
Nerve cell
-
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
-
Eukaryotic
-
General Cell Structure
Cell membrane
Function: move materials in and out of cell
○
Basic composition: phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins
○
Large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipids cannot cross through the membrane without
transport molecules
○
-
Cytoplasm, cyto=cell, plasm=form
Cytosol: solution in cell, primarily water
○
Organelles: membrane-bound structures with specific functions
○
Inclusions: store materials
○
Cytoskeleton; scaffolding; gives shape and support; allows movement
○
Appendages: cilia (eyelash) or flagella (long whip-like extension)
Composed of microtubules
§
Sperm cell with flagellum
§
Cells lining fallopian tubes with cilia
§
○
-
Types of Cells in Body
Germ (eggs and sperm)
-
Somatic (all other cells, body cells)
-
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through dividing
○
Under certain physiological or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue or organ
specific cells with special functions
○
-
Cell Junctions
Tight junction
-
Gap junction
-
Body Fluids
Solvent
-
Solute
-
Solvent and solute = solution
-
Intracellular, extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial)
-
T-402 Office Hours
Week 1 - 3/26
Monday, March 26, 2018 3:31 PM
Document Summary
Organism -> system -> organ -> tissue -> cell -> organelle -> macromol. Negative feedback mechanism: going in opposite direction of wha cool down. T-402 office hours romolecule -> molecule -> atom on of what our sensory picks up e. g. too hot, oop) clotting a cool down. Positive feedback mechanism: going in the same direction e. g. clot. Break in blood vessel causes bleeding -> damaged cells relea additional chemicals released (positive feedback loop) clotting a break in vessel walls; bleeding spots. g. clotting s release chemicals -> clotting begins -> oop) clotting accelerates ---> blood clot plugs. Epigastric region = top, umbilical region = middle, hypogastric = be. Cells are the basic unit of life self-contained Cells are self-replicating, cells divide and the genetic material is copied a of cells. Two types of cells tric = below copied and carries into the next generation. Function: move materials in and out of cell.
