BIO 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Economy Of The Soviet Union, Germ Plasm, Heredity

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redplatypus213

31 Oct 2017

School

University at Buffalo

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIO 200

Professor

C.Herreid

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Document Summary

How does evolution work: lamarck"s view- he argued that characteristics acquired during the life time of an organism could be passed on to its offspring, evolution by acquired characteristics, use and disuse, his view, darwin"s view: Both lamarck and darwin had a problem. : how could they explain why a trait appears, lamarck said need and use and disuse does it. But how do these factors prompt the development of the trait to be passed on: darwin said that chance variations come along. He knew that two short tailed cats had been exhibited at recent scientific meeting with the claim they were the progeny of cats with amputated tails. People are dna"s way of making more dna . Darwin also accepted that acquired characteristics was also a part of evolution. There were some things that he could not explain such as how variation was caused (he knew nothing about genetics.

Related Questions

Biology lab homework

Dragon Genes

http://www.concord.org/stem-resources/modern-genetics

BLY 121L - Take HomeAssignment

Due: Start of class time âAt thestart of class next week

Answers MUST beâ¦

â¢ typed (no smaller than 11-pointfont)

â¢ complete sentences (i.e., grammaticallycorrect â AND spell check!)

â¢ THIS IS NOT AGROUP EFFORT â NO POINTS WILL BE AWARDED, IF YOUR PAPER ISSIMILAR IN CONTENT AND WORDING TO THAT OF YOURPEERâS.

Complete ALL4 modules:

1. Intro& Rules

2. Meiosis

3. Pedigree andGenes

4. The PlatesProblem

Complete and answer all of the questions fromeach module.

Introduction

Breed dragons to yield several offspring anddevelop a chart for all of the phenotypic characteristics youobserve.

â¢ Note the genotype and dominant/recessivecondition for each trait.

â¢ When you reach this section of theexercise, be sure to change the genotype for all traits to completethe chart.

Whatare the traits exhibited by yourdragons?

**YOUMUST TURN IN YOURCOMPLETED CHART AND IT MUST BE LEGIBLE!

Rules

Dominance and Recessive Traits

What isthe chromosome number(ânâ) for thedragons?

Which trait(s)exhibit incompletedominance?

What does it mean fora trait to be incompletely dominant?

Noallelic combination is described as being heterozygousrecessive. Why do you thinkthis is thecase?

Some Traits are Sex-linked

Which dragontrait(s)is/are sex-linked?

How dosex-linked traits differ from autosomal traits?

Color and Lethal Combinations

Describehow the inheritance ofcolor is different from that of horns and/orwings.

On whichchromosome is the lethal combination exhibited? What is the lethalcombination?

Meiosis

What is the phenotypeof your new dragon?

Whichtraits areinherited from the mother dragon? AND Which traits are inherited from the father dragon?

Wereany traits expressed by the offspring that differed from either or both of the parents? If so, whatwere they?

How does meiosisallow for variation inoffspring?

How doesfertilization allow for variation in offspring?

Pedigree and Genes

Now that you know how to breed dragons, let'stry some selective breeding in the pedigree view. Use the cross tool tobreed a new generation of dragons; breed two of thedragons from this new (F1) generation. Repeat thisat least8 times.

What do younotice about the dragons as you continue to breed more generations?

Use the chromosome tool to closelyexaminethe dragonsâ genes. If you had trouble answering the sex-linkedquestion above, now you can observe and compare the Xand Y chromosomesâ¦

Can you find any genesthat are different among the members of your F8generation?

How many generationsdo you have to breed until all the dragons are exactly thesame?

You arecreating an inbred strain of dragons in the final generation(s)of this process. Write a notedescribing your strain, and explain what is âspecialâ aboutall individuals in an inbred strain of organisms.

The Plates Problem

Try breedingsome offspring to see resultsof these crosses. Does thepattern of inheritance ofplates tell you anything useful?

Based on yourbreeding experiments, where might you expectto find the gene forplates (i.e., On whichchromosome might the gene be located?) Why do you think this iscorrect?

Dragons thatgrow plates usually do so quite late in their life, so dragons thathave a new baby don't know right away whether or not it will growplates. Which trait(s)exhibited by a baby might helpa mother dragon determine whether her baby will growup to have plates?

DragonGenes
Genotypes/Phenotypes

Trait	Phenotype	Genotype
Horns	Horns
	No Horns
Wings	Wings
	No Wings
Legs	4 Legs
	2 Legs
	No Legs
Tails	Fancy Tail
	Plain Tail
Fire-breathing	Fire-breathing Male
	Non-fire-breathing Male
	Fire-breathing Female
	Non-fire-breathingFemale
Color	Green Male
	Yellow Male
	Red Female
	Blue Female
	Brown Female
	Purple Female

olivedonkey40

Excerpts from âOn the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type,â by Alfred Russel Wallace [Read July 1st, 1858].

The life of wild animals is a struggle for existence. The full exertion of all their
faculties and all their energies is required to preserve their own existence and
provide for that of their infant offspring. The possibility of procuring food during
the least favourable seasons, and of escaping the attacks of their most dangerous
enemies, are the primary conditions which determine the existence both of
individuals and of entire species. These conditions will also determine the population of a species; and by a careful consideration of all the circumstances we may be enabled to comprehend, and in some degree to explain, what at first sight appears so inexplicableâthe excessive abundance of some species, while others closely allied to them are very rare. ...

... It is also evident that most changes would affect, either favourably or adversely, the powers of prolonging existence. An antelope with shorter or weaker legs must necessarily suffer more from the attacks of the feline carnivora; the passenger pigeon with less powerful wings would sooner or later be affected in its powers of procuring a regular
supply of food; and in both cases the result must necessarily be a diminution of the population of the modified species. If, on the other hand, any species should produce a variety having slightly increased powers of preserving existence that variety must inevitably in time acquire a superiority in numbers. ...

Complete the chart below for the excerpt from Wallaceâs paper. Provide examples of evolution by natural selection that Wallace used in his writing. Describe the species, the variations among individuals, the selective pressure, and how species change over time.

2 examples must be provided for each question and species.

Wallace âNatural Selection

Species:

What trait varies within the species?

What is the selective pressure? (In other words, what causes some individuals to produce more offspring than others?)

How would the population change over time?

1. Before bringing a new drug to the marketplace, extensivetesting is done on the drug by administering the drug to largenumbers of individuals. Explain the importance of the scientificmethod, sample size, controls and variable in the drug evaluationprocess.

2. List the four "large molecules of life." Identify theircomposition and structure, and describe one function that each ofthem performs in the cell.

3. How can you explain the occurrence of birth defects (causedby altered genes) in children and grandchildren of WWII atomic bombvictims, when the victims themselves were only mildly affected?

4. During the past 50 years, more than 200 species of insectsthat attack crop plants have become highly resistant to DDT andother pesticides. Based on what you have learned in this classregarding evolution, explain the rapid and widespread evolution ofresistance. Now that DDT has been banned in the US, what do youexpect to happen to levels of resistance to DDT among insectpopulations?

5. Water is crucial for life as we know it. One of the mostimportant characteristics of water is its ability to act as asolvent. Explain why water is such a good solvent for polar andcharged molecules.

6. Describe feeding relationships and energy flow in anecosystem, starting from producers. Use concepts such as trophiclevels, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids.

7. Man has contributed significantly to the many environmentalproblems of the world including loss of biodiversity. Describe howthis particular problem can be solved.

8. Describe in your own words how antibiotic resistance comesabout.

9. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration in termsof the organisms involved; the reactants; the type of energyprocess; and the organelles involved

10. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder. Thedisorder allele, which we will call a, is located on an autosome.What are the chances that parents with each of the followinggenotypes will have a child with this disorder? Show all yourworking for each.

aa x Aa
Aa x Aa
AA x aa
Aa x AA

11. Your friend explains to youthat her father has hemophilia, a genetic disorder that affects theprocess of blood clotting, so that his blood does not clot; but hermother does not, have it, she is healthy as far as this disorder isconcerned.

Knowing that the inheritance pattern for this disorder issex-linked, explain to your friend why it is more common for malesto inherit a sex-linked trait.
Using punnet square, indicate the probability that a brother ofyour friend would have hemophilia, assuming that her mother carriestwo functional copies of the gene involved in this sex-linkedrecessive disorder. Explain your answers fully.

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BIO 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Economy Of The Soviet Union, Germ Plasm, Heredity

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