BIOL 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Blood Gas Test, Partial Pressure, Hemoglobin

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3 Mar 2020

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Blood gas transport is the third important process involved in respiration. This process takes oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs to the other tissues of the body and takes carbon dioxide from all other tissues of the body the alveoli of the lungs. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by attachment to hemoglobin and as dissolved gases. The dissolved gases create the partial pressures within the blood. Carbon dioxide is also transported as bicarbonate ions, which is important to controlling the ph of the blood. Thus, the respiratory system plays an important role in acid-base balance. ~ 1. 5% carried as dissolved oxygen (partial pressure) ~ 98. 5% carried attached to fe of hb (topic 1) Only about 1. 5% of oxygen transported by blood is carried as dissolved oxygen. This oxygen is responsible for the partial pressure discussed previously. The majority over 98% is carried by attachment to the iron of the heme of the hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes.

Related Questions

12. Passive expiration is preceded by the:

a. recoil of the lungs

b. contraction of the internal intercostals muscles.

c. contraction of the diaphragm.

d. increase in atmospheric pressure.

e. increase in CO₂ in the blood

14. Type I alveolar cells:

a. secrete surfactant.

b. are squamous epithelial cells.

c. are macrophages.

d. function mainly in the diffusion of gases.

e. Both B and D.

15. Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the respiratory system?

a. external nares

b. uvula

c. epiglottis

d. choanae

e. mouth

19. Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the respiratory system?

a. Regulation of acid-base balance

b. Production of sound

c. Filtering inspired air

d. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissue cells

e. Intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide

20. Breathing is more difficult in higher altitudes because the

a. air weighs less

b. partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is lower

c. partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide is higher

d. partial pressure of atmospheric nitrogen is lower

e. partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is higher

27. During expiration a decrease in thoracic cavity size causes a (an) in pressure thus causing the lungs to recoil resulting in a (an) in pressure respectively.

a. decrease intraplueral; decrease intrapulmonary

b. decrease intraplueral; increase intrapulmonary

c. increase intraplueral; decrease intrapulmonary

d. decrease intrapulmonary; increase intraplueral

e. increase intrapleural ; increase intrapulmonary

66. During _____________ ______________, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood, and enters the alveoli.

68. Hemoglobin buffers the pH of the cytosol of RBC by combining with ______ions

1. A blood vessel thatbecomes damaged and increases in diameter will fail because thetension in the walls _____ when compared to the previoulsyundamaged vessel.

A. decreases with anincreased diameter

B.decreases withpressure

C. increases with decreasedvessel thickness

D. decreases with increasedvessel thickness

E. increases with anincreased diameter

2. This nerve controls quiet respiration.

A. intercostalnerve

B. phrenic nerve

C. Diaphragmaticnerve

D.vagus nerve

E. pulmonaryplexus

3. Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobindissociation?

A. lactic acid

B. fever

C. high tissue carbon dioxide

D. low ph

E. blood pressure

4. Surfactant of the lungs is created by

A. Oat cells.

B. lungmacrophages.

C. Type Ipneumocytes.

D. Type IIpneumocytes.

E. Goblet Cells

5. What is the medical termused to describe a lung that is no longer exchanging gases due tothe physical collapse of the alveoli (collpased lung)?

		A. apnea
		B.dyspnea
		C. acutebronchitis
		D. atelectasis
		E. asthma

6. If an individual removesthe surfactant from the lungs by inhaling and then exhaling asubstantial quantity of fresh water, the ____.

		A. alveoli would increase indiameter
		B. alveoli would decrease indiameter
		C. bronchioles would increasein diameter
		D. bronchioles would decreasein diameter
		E. vital capacity wouldincrease
		F. anatomical dead air spacewould increase

7. The chemoreceptors thatbest monitor the affects of respiration are found in

		A. the brainstem.
		B. the carotidbaroreceptor.
		C. the aoritcarch.
		D. the kidney.
		E. the cerbrospinalfluid.

8. Henry's Law deals with

		A. the total pressure of agas being made of the partial pressures of theindividual constituents
		B. the volume of a gas isrelated to the temperature and pressure
		C. the pressure of a gas isdirectly related to its velocity
		D. oxygen binding hemoglobinis temperature dependent
		E. oxygen binding hemoglobinis pH dependent

9. The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can beinhaled with maximum effort is called

		A. vital capacity.
		B. inspiratory reservevolume.
		C. expiratory reservevolume.
		D. residualvolume.
		E. inspiratorycapacity.

10. Large amounts of air in the pleural spaces of a lung willcause the lung to collapse because ___________.

		A. the pressure of thetrapped air prevents inflation of the lung
		B. the trapped air will goout a hole called the pnuemothorax
		C. the lung is not longerstuck to the parietal pleural lining
		D. the lung has lostsurfactant
		E. the air will not beabsorbed outside of an alveoli

11. Most carbon dioxideproduced by cellular metabolism is

		A. carried by the red bloodcells bound to hemoglobin
		B. carried in the bloodplasma as bicarbonate
		C. carried in the red bloodcells as bicarbonate
		D. carried in the plamsa asdissolved gas
		E. carried in the red bloodcell as dissolved gas

12. If I have a blood vessel that doubles in diameter, at the samepressure I would expect about ____ as much blood to go throughit.

		A. 2 times
		B. 4 times
		C. 8 times
		D. 16 times
		E. 32 times
		F. 64 times

mauveguinea-pig338

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

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BIOL 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Blood Gas Test, Partial Pressure, Hemoglobin

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