BIO 203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: B Vitamins, Pancreatic Lipase Family, Enteropeptidase

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goldjackal516

22 Mar 2017

School

Stony Brook University

Department

Biology

Course

BIO 203

Professor

William Collins, Sarah Malmquist

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Document Summary

Fats: pepsinogen is an inactive coenzyme, converted to active form after release, activated where needed. Ogen or pro- indicates an inactive form of an enzyme: activation of protein-digesting enzymes in small intestine. Describe what happens in each step of fat digestion/absorption labeled a-e. I am stored in fat globules as polymers of triglycerides. I am coated by bile salts and begin to get emulsified by fats. I am fully emulsified/broken down by pancreatic lipase to produce fatty acid(s) and become a monomer. I am diffused into the small intestinal epithelial cells. I am resynthesized (as a triglyceride) and packaged into chylomicrons polymer again: card activity #3 fill in the chart with information on digestive hormones. Low ph in duodenum caused by acid chyme. Raises the ph in duodenum for increased digestion. Amino acids and fatty acids in the duodenum. Decreased flow of acid chyme to the small intestine.

Related Questions

During the ten days that Shuji was taking a broad-spectrum antibiotic, the yeasts populating his large intestine probably increased.

True

False

4 points

QUESTION 17

Overall, very little chemical digestion occurs in the mouth.

True

False

4 points

QUESTION 18

Untreated diarrhea can be fatal in young children.

True

False

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of which nutrient in the mouth?

		vitamin B₁₂
		fat
		carbohydrate
		protein Many lactose-intolerant people can digest aged cheese and yogurt with live, active cultures without any gastrointestinal distress. True False

carmineherring607

Question 1

Where is growth hormone produced?

		Pituitary Gland
		Kidneys
		Pancreas
		Thyroid

5 points

Question 2

Which neurotransmitter is linked to pleasure?

		Acetycholine
		Dopamine
		Histamine
		Epinephrine

5 points

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is linked to OCD and depression?

		Epinephrine
		Acetylcholine
		Dopamine
		Serotonin

5 points

Question 4

Which part of the brain is linked to mystical experiences?

		Right Temporal Lobe
		Frontal Lobe
		Occipital Lobe
		Left Temporal Lobe

5 points

Question 5

Which coordinates and balances the action of muscles?

		cerebrum
		cerebellum
		Medulla Oblongata
		Spinal Cord

5 points

Question 6

	What is the function of amylase?

		Breaks down starches
		Breaks down proteins
		Breaks down fats
		Breaks down triglycerides

5 points

Question 7

Where does most digestion occur?

		large intestine
		Stomach
		Small intestine
		Mouth

5 points

Question 8

Which vitamin in high dosages reduces pain?

		B
		C
		A
		D

5 points

Question 9

Which vitamin increases fertility?

		A
		B
		C
		E

5 points

Question 10

Which is not fat soluble?

		A
		B
		E
		K

5 points

Question 11

Which is not a component of the blood?

		platelets
		white blood cells
		red blood cells
		all are components of the blood.

5 points

Question 12

Protein digestion begins in the small intestine.

True

False

5 points

Question 13

What happens an instant before inhalation?

		Lungs expand and pressure falls
		Lungs expand and pressure increases
		Lungs contract and pressure increases
		Lungs contract and pressure decreases

5 points

Question 14

	What is the correct sequence for digestion?

		mouth-large intestine-stomach-small intestine
		mouth-stomach-small intestine-large intestine

5 points

Question 15

Which is not part of a neuron?

		cell body
		axon
		dendrite
		All are parts.

5 points

Question 16

	Which is true?

		thick filaments are composed of actin
		thin filaments are composed of myosin.
		thick filaments are composed of myosin
		thick filaments slide over thin filaments.

5 points

Question 17

Which hormone reduces testosterone levels?

		Growth Hormone
		Melatonin
		Insulin
		Thyroxin

5 points

Question 18

Which vessel(s) is the most oxygenated?

		pulmonary veins
		pulmonary arteries
		aorta
		hepatic artery

5 points

Question 19

You can make a person you know appear by stimulating a part of the brain with electricity.

True

False

5 points

Question 20

Einstein had a thicker corpus callosum than a normal person resulting in better communication between both sides of his brain.

True

False

sangriatermite423

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

maroonguinea-pig686

BIO 203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: B Vitamins, Pancreatic Lipase Family, Enteropeptidase

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