BIO 212 Lecture 7: Summary of acid

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lavenderalligator222

20 Sep 2018

School

Saint Vincent College

Department

Biology

Course

BIO 212

Professor

Dr Retna

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Document Summary

Summary of acid / base physiology: the ph of body fluids is normally maintained at 7. 4 in spite of the daily production of large amounts of. Co2 (volatile acid) and fixed acids (nonvolatile acids). The mechanisms that maintain a constant ph include buffering, respiratory compensation, and renal compensation: buffering represents the first line of defense in protecting the ph. A buffered solution is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The most effective physiologic buffers have a pk near 7. 4. Hpo4 buffers include organic phosphates and proteins (e. g. , deoxyhemoglobin). And excretion of h+ as: renal mechanisms in acid-base balance include reabsorption of virtually all of the filtered. Hco3 titratable acid and nh4: for each h+ excreted as titratable acid or nh4. Is synthesized and: simple acid-base disorders can be metabolic or respiratory in origin. Metabolic disorders involve a primary disturbance of the [hco3 gain or loss of fixed h+.

Related Questions

1) The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO₂ in the blood, whichalters the pH of the blood. In this case, the muscles that controlthe ventilation rate are acting as the:

		homeostatic challenge
		sensor
		effector
		integrator

2) For cells to maintain an appropriate solute concentration,_____ will occur; for cells to maintain an appropriate waterconcentration, _____ will occur.

		diffusion, osmosis
		osmosis, diffusion
		diffusion, facilitated diffusion
		diffusion, active transport

3) A marine fish with a cold body temperature that matches itscold surroundings is an example of

		negative feedback
		regulating
		conforming
		homeostasis

4) Fiddler crabs are small crabs that inhabit intertidal areas.When the tide comes in, the salinity rises to 35ppt and when thetide leaves, the salinity falls to 5ppt. Fiddler crabs can maintaintheir internal salinity at 32ppt when the external environmentranges from 20-40ppt, but cannot regulate at levels higher or lowerthan this. The range of 20-40ppt is the ____________________ forthese animals.

		zone of conforming
		zone of stability
		osmoregulatory conforming capacity
		positive feedback effector range

Please help me answer this multiple choice questions: (please answer all questions)

No explantion needed just the answer needed.

physiology and neurobiology questions below.

31. Systemic arterioles dilate in response to _____.

A. Increased CO2 levels in the tissue

B. Decreased O2 levels in the tissue

C. Decreased pH in the tissues

D. All of the above

32. Blood in the pulmonary arteries ______

A. Contains hemoglobin which is about 98.5% saturated with oxygen

B. Has a PO2 of about 40 mmHg

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

33. Completion of first meiotic division of oogenesis yields.

A. One secondary oocyte

B. Four primary oocyte

C. Four mature ova (egg cells)

D. Four secondary oocytes

34. The final absorbable products of chemical digestion occurring in the brush border of the small

intestine include:

A. Monosaccharides and amino acids

B. Proteins and chylomicrons

C. Disaccharides and amino acids

D. Monosaccharides and disaccharides

35. The hemoglobin oxygen curve saturation curve plots ____ on the dependent (Y) axis and ____

on the independent (X) axis.

A. Oxygen concentration; hemoglobin concentration

B. % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; PO2 of blood

C. % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; PCO2 of blood

D. Hemoglobin concentration; oxygen concentration

36. In contrast to the female hypothalamic pituitary-sex steroid axis, control of the male axis is

aimed at ____.

A. Allowing spermatogenesis to occur just once a month

B. Keeping levels of pituitary gonadotropins relatively constant in blood

C. Keeping levels of hypothalamic releasing hormones higher than usual in blood

D. Causing a positive feedback effect of sex steroid up on gonadotropins

37. Which of the following will correct acidosis?

A. Speed up the proton pump

B. Buffering of protons with phosphate in the tubular lumen

C. Renal metabolism of glutamine

D. All of the above

38. Epithelium with a brush border (microvilli) is characteristics of the mucosa found in

A. Duodenum

B. Proximal Tubule

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

39. The transport maximum (Tm) for glucose, addition filtered glucose

A. Is no longer filtered

B. Appears in urine

C. Is secreted

D. Is reabsorbed

40. Stroke volume is equal to ____.

A. End-diastolic volume alone

B. End-diastolic volume plus end-systolic volume

C. Cardiac output minus heart rate

D. End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume

41. The long term solution to a change in blood pH involves

A. Digestive System

B. Respiratory System

C. Buffers such as hemoglobin

D. Renal System

42. The left heart receives blood from ___ and pumps blood out through the ____.

A. Superior vena cava; pulmonary trunk

B. Pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk

C. Pulmonary veins; aorta

D. Pulmonary arteries; aorta

43. Selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes may lead to all EXCEPT_____.

A. Formation of memory cells

B. Secretions of antibodies

C. Activation of complements to destroy tagged antigen

D. Secretion of perforin

44. Bile is stored and released into the duodenum from the

A. Liver

B. Pancreas

C. Gall Bladder

D. Duodenum

45. Beta oxidation of fatty acids yields _____,which then can be further oxidized to produces ATP.

A. Glycogen

B. Amino acids

C. Keto acids

D. Acetyl CoA

46. The relationship between the loop of Henle and the vasa recta capillaries function.

A. Absorption of glucose, amino acids and creatinine

B. Countercurrent exchange

C. Countercurrent multiplication

D. All of the above

47. Anterior pituitary production of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is decreased by

A. Testosterone from Sertoli cells

B. Inhibin from Sertoli cells

C. Inhibin from interstitial (Leydig) cells

D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from granulosa cells

48. A response to acidosis would involve

A. Slowing down the proton pump

B. Greatly increased excretion of HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

49. The conversion of spermatid to spermatozoa occurs

A. By differentiation process in the seminiferous tubule

B. In epididymis

C. By meiosis, in the seminiferous tubule

D. In the prostate gland

50. Antibody-mediated immunity defends against ____.

A. Virus infected cells

B. Viruses and bacteria in the blood or body fluids

C. Bacteria only

D. Viruses only

pinkwhale636

Complete Question Text:

1. A patient comes to a doctor complaining of muscle cramping.As part of her examination, the doctor notes that the patient has aslow pulse. Additionally, in the past year the patient has brokenher hand and her arm in seemingly minor falls. What variable do youpredict the patient is having trouble regulating?

Fat
K+
ATP
Ca2+

2. Allen's rule is a biological rule that states that the limbsof warm blooded animals that live in colder climates are differentthan the limbs of the same species of animals in warmer climates.In what way do you expect them to be different and why?

Shorter because a low surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat
Longer because a high surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat. ????
Longer because a low surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat
Shorter because a high surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat.

3. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme. It is made in an inactive form,pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidity of the stomach toself-cleave (cut itself) into a formed called the cleaved molecule.This cleaved molecule is active pepsin, which goes on to cleavemore pepsinogen molecules, leading to a cascade of rapid pepsinactivation (and many more active pepsin molecules). This pathway isan example of:

a feedforward regulationâ¨
a positive feedback loopâ¨
a negative feedback loopâ¨
conditioning

4. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pHof the blood. In this case, the muscles that control theventilation rate are acting as the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
integrator

5. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pHof the blood. In this case, pH 7.4 is the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
set point

6. What is the equivalent of the mammalian mouth and nose in therespiratory system of insects?

alveoli
spiracles
tracheoles
epithelial tissue

7. For cells to maintain an appropriate solute concentration,_____ will occur; for cells to maintain an appropriate waterconcentration, _____ will occur.

diffusion, osmosis
osmosis, diffusion
diffusion, facilitated diffusion
diffusion, active transport

8. A marine fish with a cold body temperature that matches itscold surroundings is an example of

negative feedbackâ¨
regulating
conforming
homeostasis

9 Fiddler crabs are small crabs that inhabit intertidal areas.When the tide comes in, the salinity rises to 35ppt and when thetide leaves, the salinity falls to 5ppt. Fiddler crabs can maintaintheir internal salinity at 32ppt when the external environmentranges from 20-40ppt, but cannot regulate at levels higher or lowerthan this. The range of 20-40ppt is the ____________________ forthese animals.

zone of conforming
zone of stability
osmoregulator conforming capacity
positive feedback effector range

10. Imagine you are entering a darkened cavern. You are excited,but also a little nervous. Your heart rate quickens, your bloodpressure rises slightly, and your digestive system activitydecreases as blood is diverted to your musclesâall changes thatprepare you should you need to move rapidly. This type of change isan example of:

positive feedback control
negative feedback control
a failure of homeostasis
feedforward regulation

aquamarinewildebeest773

BIO 212 Lecture 7: Summary of acid

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