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B M B 211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Glycerol, Electrochemical Gradient, Rotenone

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coralcrab720
16 Nov 2016
School
PSU
Department
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Course
B M B 211
Professor
Giebink Heather

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Document Summary

The redu(cid:272)ed (cid:272)ofa(cid:272)tors nadh a(cid:374)d fadh(cid:1031) fro(cid:373) the (cid:272)itri(cid:272) a(cid:272)id (cid:272)(cid:455)(cid:272)le, fatt(cid:455) a(cid:272)id o(cid:454)idatio(cid:374), a(cid:374)d gl(cid:455)(cid:272)ol(cid:455)sis are reoxidized and the energy released is used to synthesize atp. The mitochondria has two membranes (1) porous outer membrane (2) folded inner membrane that does not allow ions or small molecules to pass. Citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix. The electron transport chain is organized into four complexes which function as oxidoreductase enzymes. These four molecule transfer electrons from the reduced cofactors to oxygen (the to two water molecules) The proteins on the electron transport chain all contain prosthetic groups: assist in electron transfer and redox reactions. Formation of atp is endergonic and electron transport is exergonic, the electron transport chain uses coupled reactions so energy yielded fuels atp synthesis. Nadh dehydrogenase complex catalyzed the transfer of electrons from nadh to uq. Every nadh goes through complex 1 (nadh floats in the matrix)

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Related Questions

The electron transport chain (ETC), or respiratory chain, is linkedto proton movement and ATP synthesis. Select the STATEMENTS thatACCURATELY describe the electron transport chain.(True/False)
a)Electron transfer in the ETC is coupled to proton transfer formthe matrix to the intermembrane space.
b)Electrons generated by he citric acid cycle in the mitochondrialmatrix enter the ETC.
c)The outer membrane of mitochondria is readily permeable to smallmolecules and hydrogen ions.
d)Electron carriers in the mitochondrial matrix include ubiquinone(coenzyme Q), FMN, and cytochrome c.
e)Prosthetic groups, such as iron-sulfer centers, are directlyinvolved with electron transfer.
f)Electron carriers are organized into four complexes of proteinsand prosthetic groups.
g)The reactions of the ETC take place in the outer membrane ofmitochondria.

1.) Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Which of the following BEST describes the movement of protons in this situation?

a.) across the outer mitochondrial membrane, from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space

b.) across the outer mitochondrial membrane, from the intermembrane space to the cytoplasm

c.) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the intermembrane space to the matrix

d.) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the inter membrane space

2.) Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell is high?

a.) Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.

b.) ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.

c.) ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.

d.) AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.

3.) Electron carriers are oxidized during which of the following reactions?

a.) glycolysis

b.) citric acid cycle

c.) electron transport chain

d.) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA

e.) all of the above

1.In which part of the citric acid cycle does substrate levelphosphorylation occur?


2. Is glucose the only source of energy for cells? If not, at whichphase and in which form do other catabolic products typically getconverted to ATP


3. List all the steps (complexes and carriers), in order that theelectrons from NADH typical pass through before getting oxidizedinto water.


5. a) What would be the effect on ATP production of adding asubstance that makes the mitochondrial membrane leaky to protons?b) What would be the effect on pH of the mitochondrial matrix ofreducing the oxygen supply? c) Suppose that the glucose supply tothe cell is greatly reduced. What would be the effect on CO2production by the mitochondria?


6. Cytochrome c has at least two functions in mammalian cells:(1) in the electron transport chain, and (2) in apoptosis(programmed cell death). Describe what cytochrome c does in thesetwo processes (HINT: refer to chapter 15 for apoptosis relatedinformation).


8. Why do plants shut down the Calvin Cycle in the dark if theirATP and NADPH levels fall?


9. In 1-2 sentences, briefly summarize what occurs duringphotosynthesis in light dependent and light independentreactions


10. How did the evolutionary development of photosynthesis set thestage in turn for the evolution of aerobic respiration?