HUMNNTR 2210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Nyctalopia, Carotenoid, Retinol

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18 Oct 2016

School

Ohio State University

Department

Human Nutrition

Course

HUMNNTR 2210

Professor

Larissa Taye Brophy

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Document Summary

Essential: cannot be synthesized in the human body, synthesis can be decreased by environmental factors. Needed in small amounts in the diet of normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body. Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the compound is resupplied. A compound does not qualify as a vitamin merely because the body cannot make it. Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins a, d, e, k. Water-soluble vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamins b-6, b-12, c. Megadose intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs to prevent a deficiency or what would be found in a balanced diet; 2-10 times human needs. Medically supervised use for treatment of diseases: niacin blood cholesterol lowering treatment. Fat-soluble vitamins: absorbed along with dietary fat into lymph from the small intestine.

Related Questions

Based on below tables just answer tWO PARTS OF question

Sample Case Study

Mrs. King is a 43-year-old married mother of four. Mrs. King is 5â 4â tall, weighs 160 pounds, and has a history of mild hypertension. Her blood pressure is controlled with a low-sodium diet, and although her doctor told her for years that she should exercise, she tried running but found it unpleasant and discontinued all forms of exercise. She is currently sedentary. Her grandmother died as a result of heart disease from years of diabetes and high cholesterol.

Gender	Female
Age	43 yrs
Height	5 ft. 4 in.
Weight	160 lbs.
Activity level	Sedentary
Pregnancy/Lactation status	Not Pregnant or Lactating

Begin New Calculation

Results:
Body Mass Index (BMI)ï	27.4
Estimated Daily Caloric Needs	1921 kcal/day

Macronutrients:
Macronutrient	Recommended Intake per day
Carbohydrate	216 - 312 gramsï
Total Fiber	25 grams
Protein	58 grams
Fat	43 - 75 gramsï
Saturated fatty acids	As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet.
Trans fatty acids	As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet.
Î±-Linolenic Acid	1.1 gramsï
Linoleic Acid	12 gramsï
Dietary Cholesterol	As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet.
Total Water	2.7 Liters (about 11 cups)ï

Vitamins:
Vitamin	Recommended Intake per day	Tolerable UL Intake per day
Vitamin A	700 mcg	3,000 mcgï
Vitamin C	75 mg	2,000 mg
Vitamin D	15 mcg	100 mcg
Vitamin B6	1.3 mg	100 mg
Vitamin E	15 mg	1,000 mgï
Vitamin K	90 mcg	ND
Thiamin	1.1 mg	ND
Vitamin B12	2.4 mcg	ND
Riboflavin	1.1 mg	ND
Folate	400 mcg	1,000 mcgï
Niacin	14 mg	30 mgï
Choline	0.425 g	3.5 g
Pantothenic Acid	5 mg	ND
Biotin	30 mcg	ND
Carotenoids	NA	NDï

Minerals (Elements):
Mineral	Recommended Intake per day	Tolerable UL Intake per day
Essential
Calcium	1,000 mg	2,500 mg
Chloride	2.3 g	3.6 g
Chromium	25 mcg	ND
Copper	900 mcg	10,000 mcg
Fluoride	3 mg	10 mg
Iodine	150 mcg	1,100 mcg
Iron	18 mg	45 mg
Magnesium	320 mg	350 mgï
Manganese	1.8 mg	11 mg
Molybdenum	45 mcg	2,000 mcg
Phosphorus	0.7 g	4 g
Potassium	4.7 g	ND
Selenium	55 mcg	400 mcg
Sodium	1.5 g	2.3 g
Zinc	8 mg	40 mg
Non-Essential
Arsenic	NA	NDï
Boron	NA	20 mg
Nickel	NA	1 mg
Silicon	NA	NDï
Sulfate	NA	ND
Vanadium	NA	1.8 mgï

Questions: Please type your answer

A) Do you think Mrs King is currently meeting all her micro nutrient goals. Do you think this diet will provide her with all the vitamins and minerals she needs to be healthy why? AT LEAST 4 COMPLETE SENTENCES

B) Identify three changes to Mrs Kings day that would likely improve her long term health (do not restrict your answer to Diet alone)

( answer at least in 6 complete sentences)

home / study / science / biology / biology questions and answers / based on below tables just answer two parts of question sample case study mrs. king is a 43-year-old... Your question has been answered Let us know if you got a helpful answer. Rate this answer Question: Based on below tables just answer tWO PARTS OF question Sample Case Study Mrs. King is a 43-year-... Based on below tables just answer tWO PARTS OF question Sample Case Study Mrs. King is a 43-year-old married mother of four. Mrs. King is 5â 4â tall, weighs 160 pounds, and has a history of mild hypertension. Her blood pressure is controlled with a low-sodium diet, and although her doctor told her for years that she should exercise, she tried running but found it unpleasant and discontinued all forms of exercise. She is currently sedentary. Her grandmother died as a result of heart disease from years of diabetes and high cholesterol. Gender Female Age 43 yrs Height 5 ft. 4 in. Weight 160 lbs. Activity level Sedentary Pregnancy/Lactation status Not Pregnant or Lactating Begin New Calculation Results: Body Mass Index (BMI)ï 27.4 Estimated Daily Caloric Needs 1921 kcal/day Macronutrients: Macronutrient Recommended Intake per day Carbohydrate 216 - 312 gramsï Total Fiber 25 grams Protein 58 grams Fat 43 - 75 gramsï Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet. Trans fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet. Î±-Linolenic Acid 1.1 gramsï Linoleic Acid 12 gramsï Dietary Cholesterol As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet. Total Water 2.7 Liters (about 11 cups)ï Vitamins: Vitamin Recommended Intake per day Tolerable UL Intake per day Vitamin A 700 mcg 3,000 mcgï Vitamin C 75 mg 2,000 mg Vitamin D 15 mcg 100 mcg Vitamin B6 1.3 mg 100 mg Vitamin E 15 mg 1,000 mgï Vitamin K 90 mcg ND Thiamin 1.1 mg ND Vitamin B12 2.4 mcg ND Riboflavin 1.1 mg ND Folate 400 mcg 1,000 mcgï Niacin 14 mg 30 mgï Choline 0.425 g 3.5 g Pantothenic Acid 5 mg ND Biotin 30 mcg ND Carotenoids NA NDï Minerals (Elements): Mineral Recommended Intake per day Tolerable UL Intake per day Essential Calcium 1,000 mg 2,500 mg Chloride 2.3 g 3.6 g Chromium 25 mcg ND Copper 900 mcg 10,000 mcg Fluoride 3 mg 10 mg Iodine 150 mcg 1,100 mcg Iron 18 mg 45 mg Magnesium 320 mg 350 mgï Manganese 1.8 mg 11 mg Molybdenum 45 mcg 2,000 mcg Phosphorus 0.7 g 4 g Potassium 4.7 g ND Selenium 55 mcg 400 mcg Sodium 1.5 g 2.3 g Zinc 8 mg 40 mg Non-Essential Arsenic NA NDï Boron NA 20 mg Nickel NA 1 mg Silicon NA NDï Sulfate NA ND Vanadium NA 1.8 mgï Questions: Please type your answer A) Do you think Mrs King is currently meeting all her micro nutrient goals. Do you think this diet will provide her with all the vitamins and minerals she needs to be healthy why? AT LEAST 4 COMPLETE SENTENCES B) Identify three changes to Mrs Kings day that would likely improve her long term health (do not restrict your answer to Diet alone) ( answer at least in 6 complete sentences)

The people of Malaysia belong to three communities: the local people called Malays, immigrants from South India called Tamils, and immigrants from China. During the early 20th century, the Malays lived mainly in coastal villages, the Tamils worked on rubber estates, and the Chinese worked in tin mines. In general, the people were very poor and they consumed a limited variety of foods.[1] Rice was the staple diet of all three communities and therefore the key source of caloric and nutrient content. Malays typically grew their own rice and dehulled it before consuming it; dehulling partially removes the aleurone layer of the rice seed. Following their South Indian food habits, the Tamils ate parboiled rice, and the Chinese ate polished white rice imported from Thailand. It was found that among the three Malaysian communities, the Chinese community was much more prone to suffer from some degree of sub-optimal thiamin intake. Out of every 1,000 Chinese inhabitants, about 120 had mild thiamin deficiency, about 80 had severe thiamin deficiency, and about 16 people had died of it. Suboptimal intake of thiamin was rare in Malays and was not reported at all in Tamils.[1] Thiamin, also called Vitamin B1, is required for all tissues, and its deficiency causes the disease Beriberi. Less severe deficiency results in non-specific symptoms such as weight loss, malaise, irritability, and confusion. Although the origin of the word Beri-beri is disputed, it is believed to be a Philippine word meaning âI canât, I canâtâ and was probably coined to refer to the lack of neuromotor coordination in people afflicted with this disease.[2] Thiamin is water-soluble and is stable in the acidic medium. It is unstable to heat, oxygen, and UV light in neutral and alkaline medium. The active form of thiamin is thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). This active form is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and transketolase enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. These enzymes play an important role in the biosynthesis of a number of cell constituents such as neurotransmitters, pentoses, and reduced equivalents, used in oxidant stress. The human body cannot store thiamin and therefore requires a continuous supply of the vitamin. The thiamin in an individual on a thiamin-free diet typically depletes in fewer than two weeks. Thiamin absorption is affected by compounds, called thiamin antagonists or anti-thiamin factors, that alter the structure of thiamin. These compounds include alcohols, polyphenols, flavonoids, and thiaminase, a heat labile enzyme found in certain foods.[2] In affluent countries, where the diet is rich in thiamin, the most common cause of thiamin deficiency is excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol intake affects thiamin status in two ways. First, alcoholics get a significant percentage of their daily energy intake from alcoholic beverages, which are nutrient deficient. In other words, alcoholics replace their consumption of nutrient dense foods that are part of their normal diet with the consumption of nutrient deficient alcohol. Second, alcohol inhibits the intestinal ATPase involved in the absorption of thiamin.[4] Sub-clinical thiamin insufficiency associated with excessive alcohol consumption produces an encephalopathy called Wernicke-Korsafoff syndrome. Patients with this syndrome have a higher than normal incidence of abnormal transketolase, which has a very low binding affinity to TPP. This problem can be overcome by putting patients on high-dose thiamin therapy. Some patients, however, might have a form of abnormal transketolase that does not bind at all with TPP. Such people do not respond to high-dose thiamin therapy.[4] Thiamin deficiency is observed in individuals who have low thiamin intake and a diet rich in polished rice, especially if their diet also consists of anti-thiamin factors such as tea, coffee, raw fermented fish, and betel nuts. The minimum amount of thiamin needed by the body can increase because of increased physiological or metabolic demands arising from pregnancy and lactation, heavy physical exertion, illnesses like cancer, liver diseases, hyperthyroidism, and surgery. Since TPP is required for carbohydrate metabolism, the recommended dietary allowances for thiamin are based on the assumption that its intake is related to total energy intake. The recommended dietary allowance in the United States is 0.5 mg/1000 Kcal.

Questions
1. Thiamin deficiency was observed only in the Chinese community even though all three
communities had the same staple (rice) diet. Explain.
2. On packages of enriched rice sold in supermarkets, the rice preparation directions state that the
rice should not be washed before cooking. Explain.
3. Severe metabolic acidosis caused by high levels of lactate is often associated with thiamin
deficiency. Explain.
4. Provide two plausible explanations for what might cause above normal levels of pyruvate in blood
and urine. How can one determine which of the two explanations is correct?
5. Why does thiamin utilization increase among cancer patients?
6. A negative correlation exists between the need for thiamin and the amount of fat in the diet.
Explain.

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HUMNNTR 2210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Nyctalopia, Carotenoid, Retinol

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