NUR 239 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Palsy, Sickle-Cell Disease
21 May 2018
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NUR 239/Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics in Nursing I
Unit 1/Intro to Pathophysiology
Complete the following study guide and submit on Reggie Net by the due date on the Course Calendar
1
Porth, C. M. (2015). Essentials of Pathophysiology (4th ed.).
Define the following terms (Introduction to Pathophysiology, p. xviii – xxii):
▪ Patho: Greek word for “abnormality” or “disease”
▪ Physiology: relates with bodily functions
▪ Disease: an interruption, cessations, or disorders of a certain body system/organ structure that is
characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, signs and symptoms, or anatomic alterations
▪ Etiology: study of biologic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, and nutritional excesses or
deficits, aka “causes” of diseases/disorders; can be:
o Acquired: micro-organism, Ex: injury
o Genetic: down-syndrome, hemophilia, sickle cell
o Congenital: cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, infection or trauma in utero
▪ Pathogenesis: origin and development of disease; sequence of cellular and tissue events that take
place from time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of disease
▪ Clinical Manifestations: a condition produces manifestations which make it evident that the
patient with such condition is sick; the condition is silent at onset but detected during a routine
exam; during the routine exam, the undiagnosed condition could have progressed to something
worse (what does your patient look like?”
▪ Signs & Symptoms: terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that follow a
disease; symptom: subjective complaint that is noticed by the patient with the disorder; while a
sign is a manifestation made by an observer, such as a healthcare provider; some common
symptoms are trouble breathing and dizziness; while some common signs are elevated
temperature or swollen limbs
▪ Syndrome: complication of signs and symptoms that are characteristics of a specific disease
▪ Complications: possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment
▪ Diagnosis: the designation of a health problem; usually requires a careful history and physical
examination
▪ Validity: extent to which a measurement tool measures what is made to measure; assessed by
comparing a measurement method with the best possible method of measure that is available
▪ Reliability: extent to which an observation gives the same result as validity; depends on the
person making the measurement, the way the numbers are read, or differences in hearing acuity
▪ Sensitivity: the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given
test/observation; if the result is negative it tells the person doesn’t have the disease and then the
disease is ruled out
▪ Specificity: refers to proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or
observation; can be calculated only from the people who don’t have the disease
▪ Predictive Value: extent to which an observation or test results is able to predict the presence of a
given disease or condition; positive predicted value refers to proportion of true-positive results
that occur in a given population; negative predicted value refers to true-negative observations in
a population
▪ Clinical Course: describes the evolution of a disease; can be acute, subacute, or chronic course
▪ Acute Disorder: relatively severe disorder, but self-limiting
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NUR 239/Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics in Nursing I
Unit 1/Intro to Pathophysiology
Complete the following study guide and submit on Reggie Net by the due date on the Course Calendar
2
▪ Chronic Disease: implies a continuous and long-term process; can either run a continuous course
or prevent with remissions
▪ Epidemiology: study of disease occurrence in human populations; initially developed to explain
the spread of infectious diseases during epidemics and has emerged as a science to study risk
factors for certain diseases
▪ Incidence: reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific time
▪ Prevalence: measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time; not an estimate
of risk of developing a disease because it is a function of both new cases and how long in the
cases remain in the population
▪ Morbidity: describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life; many diseases have low death
rates but significant impact on quality of life
▪ Mortality: stats from this provide information about the causes of death in a given population; in
most countries, people are legally required to record certain facts such as age, sex, cause of death
on a death certificate
▪ Natural History: the natural history of a disease refers to progression and projected outcome of
disease without medical intervention
▪ Prognosis: probable outcome/prospect of recovery from a disease, can be designated as chances
for full recovery, possibility of complications, or anticipated survival time
▪ Level of Prevention (Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary):
o Primary prevention: directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all risk
factors; examples include administration of folic acid to pregnant women or those who
may become pregnant to prevent fetal neural tube defects
o Secondary Prevention: detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment
measures can affect a cure or stop the disease from progressing; examples include a Pap
smear for early detection of cervical cancer
o Tertiary Prevention: directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or
reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosed
Key Learning Objectives - Answer the follow questions:
1) Identify the key elements of the disease process
1. The key elements of the disease process are the etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes,
clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course
2) Provide examples of four etiologic agents.
1. Biological Agents (bacteria)
2. Physical Forces (traumas, burns)
3. Chemical Agents (poisons/alcohol)
4. Nutritional Excesses or Deficits
3) What is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?
i) Etiology states the actual cause/reason of the disease, while pathogenesis states the disease
mechanisms and how signs and symptoms develop
4) Name ways diseases are categorized and give examples of each category.
i) Diseases are categorized into four aspects
(1) Etiology: cause of disease (Ex: bacteria)
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Document Summary
Complete the following study guide and submit on reggie net by the due date on the course calendar. Two types: endocytosis (materials are moved into a cell in a vesicle formed form the cell membrane) and exocytosis (materials are moved out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane) Why is the cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane) important (4 reasons): it is a complex structure of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates and separates intracellular contents from the extracellular environment. In" the cell that needs to stay in, as well as everything out" of the cell that needs to stay out: it covers the entire surface of the cell with a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Complete the following study guide and submit on reggie net by the due date on the course calendar: aerobic metabolism is more effective; because the cells require a lot of energy, and aerobic metabolism produces more atp molecules.
