BIO E105 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Chalcogen, Facilitated Diffusion, Passive Transport
Document Summary
Active transport by pumps: cells can transport molecules or ions against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires energy in the form of atp and is called active transport: pumps are membrane proteins that provide active transport of molecules across the membrane. For example, the sodium-potassium pump, na+/k+-atpase, uses atp to transport na+ and. A sodium ion is smaller than a potassium ion. To further complicate the matter, hydrated ions have different shell sizes. A hydrated na+ ion is actually larger than a hydrated k+ ion. Specificity is determined by spacing of cation binding sites. Carbonyl oxygen group of residues thr 75, val 76, gly 77 and tyr 78 are shown in red. The spacing of the selectivity filter is such that four carbonyl oxygen atoms can replace the electrostatic interactions of water molecules around k+ ions. But the spacing is inappropriate to displace water from na+ ions.