PSY 309 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Risky Sexual Behavior, Andrew Wakefield
Lecture note 21 PSY 309:
• 2yrs
• old is the approximate age of onset for ASD, any earlier is too early to diagnose bc
babies develop very differently
• 4.5
• boys are this many more times likely to be diagnosed with ASD
• Vaccine Debate
• Belief vaccines may cause Autism bc vaccines are administered near the age of autism
diagnosis. "Spike" in autism cases since the 1980s
• 1998: Publication of 12 cases of children developing gastrointestinal and developmental
problems shortly after vaccines. Hypothesized the vaccines or a preservative in it may
be the cause
• Lancet retracted the study after controversy, theory has no other evidence
• Andrew Wakefield
• English doctor who had a conflict of interest: paid by lawyers suing vaccine
manufacturers to find a connection. Found of manipulating data ie. changing dates on
documents
• GMC panel found he didn't get permission from ethics committee, ultimately he lost his
license
• Autism on rise
• Criteria changed in DSM5 to widen diagnosis, people that would have previously been
diagnosed with intellectual disability are now being diagnosed with Autism bc of the
better understanding of the disorder
• ASD treatment
• About 400 different treatments
• No known cure, problems associated with disorder can be minimized, coping strategies
for relatives
• Early intervention highly effective ie. intensive 25hrs/week 12months/yr
• Social communication disorder
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• Difficulty using verbal/nonverbal communication. Low abilities in domains of word
structure and grammar. Low communication abilities result in functional limitations in
effective communication, social participation, academic performance, or/and
occupational performance. Related to autism but separate.
• Specific learning disorder with impairment reading
• Deficits in word reading accuracy, reading rate fluency, reading comprehension
• Specific learning disorder with impairment written expression
• Deficits in spelling accuracy, grammar/punctuation accuracy, clarity/organization of
written speech
• Conduct disorder
• Pattern of engaging in behaviors that violate social norms, the rights of others and are
often illegal. More likely diagnosed in boys
• ex. aggression, lying, stealing, cruelty to animals etc
• Oppositional Defiant disorder
• Milder form of conduct disorder. More likely diagnosed in boys although it may be just
as prevalent for girls
• ex. argumentative, loses temper, hostile, blames others etc
• ADHD
• Persistent age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that
cause problems. Must have 6 symptoms before the age 12 for more than 6 months.
Occurs more often and with greater severity than children of the same age/sex and
occurs in 2 or more settings. Must interfere with social/academic performance.
• 3 types. Highly comorbid with learning disability. Most common referral problem seen
at clinics. Varies from child to child.
• Inattention
• Inability to sustain attention. One of 3 characteristics of ADHD
• ex. drowsy, day dreaming
• Hyperactivity
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• Voluntary behavior that is difficult to stop. One of 3 characteristics of ADHD
• ex. fidgeting, too much touching
• Impulsivity
• Inability to control immediate reactions. One of 3 characteristics of ADHD
• ie. cognitive, behavioral, emotional
• ex. blurting out an answer in class
• Predominately hyperactive-impulsive presentation
• Least common type of ADHD
• Combined presentation
• Most common form of ADHD
• Individuals with ADHD
• are accident prone and risk takers. Also more likely to have substance use disorder, risky
sexual behavior and smoke cigerettes
• 6-7%
• of school aged children in North America have ADHD
• 5%
• worldwide prevalence of ADHD
• Girls
• are more likely to have inattention symptoms of ADHD
• Boys
• are more likely to have hyperactive symptoms of ADHD
• ADHD explanations for causes
• Genetic trait that helped survive as hunter-gathers (evolutionary
• Cognitive functioning
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
spike in autism cases since the 1980s: 1998: publication of 12 cases of children developing gastrointestinal and developmental problems shortly after vaccines. Low abilities in domains of word structure and grammar. Low communication abilities result in functional limitations in effective communication, social participation, academic performance, or/and occupational performance. More likely diagnosed in boys: ex. aggression, lying, stealing, cruelty to animals etc, oppositional defiant disorder, milder form of conduct disorder. More likely diagnosed in boys although it may be just as prevalent for girls: ex. argumentative, loses temper, hostile, blames others etc, adhd, persistent age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that cause problems. Must have 6 symptoms before the age 12 for more than 6 months. Occurs more often and with greater severity than children of the same age/sex and occurs in 2 or more settings. Must interfere with social/academic performance: 3 types.
