EBIO 1210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Microorganism, Plant Cell, Chloroplast

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silverturtle161

25 Oct 2016

School

CU-Boulder

Department

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Course

EBIO 1210

Professor

Dr.William Adams, Dr.Samuel Flaxman

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Document Summary

Cell diversity: cell features of different groups of organisms; links to evolution and health. Know what principal features all living cells share. Use presence or absence of certain cell components to predict to which domain of life ean organism belongs. Relate mitochondria and chloroplasts to their principal metabolic roles and to the organisms in which they occur. Relate the endosymbiont theory to the evolution of eukaryotes. Use cell features to predict whether a given cell is an animal cell or a plant cell. Done by : their presence as a thriving community outcompetes dangerous microbes. Beneficial microbes need to be happy and in high numbers. What we eat influences the composition of our microbe community in our stomach population making it harder to fight pathogens options, applies principles of ecology: the human micro biome. The microbial cells living in our body outnumber our own cells, most of these microbes are beneficial. Army of healthy microbes can keep pathogenic microbes out.

Related Questions

Please choose the best answer in these mcqs:

1. Cells carry out different metabolic reactions, in differentcompartments (= different enclosed organelles of the cell). Whichof the following are the reasons for this?

A) Protect the metabolism from unwanted environmentalfactors

B) Enclosure enables maintaining high concentrations of thecomponents without letting them diffuse away

C) More concentrated substances can react more readily, withincreased efficiency

D) All of the above

E) Only a and b

2.Which of the following developed during the evolution ofeukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

A) DNA

B) the cell membrane

C) nuclear membranes to form nucleus

D) ribosomes

E) proteins

3. Which three cellular components are present in bothprokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A) ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria

B) nucleus, ribosomes, RNA

C) RNA, DNA, ribosomes

D) endoplasmic reticulum, DNA, RNA

E) mitochondria, DNA, RNA

4.Phylogeny is

A) the science of biological classification based onmorphological features of organisms

B) the science of biological classification based on theevolutionary relationships between organisms.

C) the science of biological classification based onreproductive strategies.

D) the branch of science that studies phyllopods.

E) none of the above

5.Which of the following is False regarding mutations?

A) They are small changes in an individualâs geneticmaterial

B) All mutations are bad and cause diseases

C) Mutations that increases the chances of an individualorganism increases the possibility that this mutation is passed onto next generations

D) Mutations that are deleterious (damaging to the organism)tend to end with the organismâs death

6.Which of the following is NOT true about evolution theory?

A) It proceeds through random changes, that affect the abilityof the organism to reproduce and survive under existingenvironmental circumstances

B) Variations in individual organisms is better for survival andadaptation to changes, than being homogenous

C) All the changes in an organism are new, they were notdependent on preexisting features

D) Organisms continue to evolve; evolution has not stopped

7.In thermodynamics, the reaction (or organism or the materialwe are studying) of interest is called:

a) State

b) Universe

c) Matter

d) Energy

whitewildebeest237

The endosymbiont theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from ancient bacteria that were ingested by primitive nucleated cells. Biologists have proposed that endosymbiosis led to the evolution of other cellular structures, such as flagella and peroxisomes, as well. Over hundreds of millions of years, the ingested bacteria lost features not essential for survival inside the host cell.

Part B

Explain your reasoning.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

phagocytic

pinocytic

invaginations

protrusions

An identical arrangement of membranes follows _: the ingested bacterium is surrounded by the membrane of the _ vacuole. The thylakoid membrane systems found in chloroplasts may also be derived from ingested bacteria, because thylakoids form from _ of the inner membrane that pinch off to generate a separate membrane system.

Part E

Peroxisomes, unlike mitochondria or chloroplasts, scarcely resemble free-living organisms. Assuming peroxisomes evolved from ingested bacteria, describe three features mitochondria retain but peroxisomes apparently lost over hundreds of millions of years.

Select all that apply.

1-Metabolic pathways developed by the cells enabled severalthings. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) Synthesize the compounds it requires from smaller moleculeprecursors

B) Utilize catalysts for its reactions to accelerate them

C) Produce or utilize energy needed for the cellularactivities

D) Make its own oxygen

2. Cells carry out different metabolic reactions, in differentcompartments (= different enclosed organelles of the cell). Whichof the following are the reasons for this?