BIO 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Sulfur, Valence Electron

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22 Jan 2019

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It is important to understand why atoms interact with one another, or maybe why they don"t interact with one another. There are six fundamental elements that all living things have: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen. Matter and energy are the same: they are just different manifestations of it. Not all organisms have the same amount of the six fundamental elements. Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. This theory essentially describes how electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom: it explains why atoms interact with one another. All atoms follow this rule: you have the nucleus of the atom. Then you have the first shell, which only holds two electrons. The third shell also can only hold eight. Covalent bonds two atoms share pairs of electrons. Ionic bonds one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Related Questions

Why does sodium react so easily with chloride to make sodium chloride?

	A.	Both atoms have incomplete outer orbitals and they complete each other's when they combine
	B.	Sodium chloride is table salt, one of the most reactive molecules in living things.
	C.	Opposites attract.
	D.	Both atoms have outermost shells full of electrons.
	E.	Sodium chloride is highly explosive.

What is meant by the statement âlife is diverse?â

	A.	There are many living organisms on Earth
	B.	Each living thing is a unique individual.
	C.	All living things are related to each other.
	D.	There are many different kinds of living organisms on Earth
	E.	There are many places to live on Earth.

What is considered the fundamental unit of life?

	A.	DNA
	B.	Carbohydrates
	C.	A molecule
	D.	Nucleic acid
	E.	A cell

In evolution, why is it important that individuals vary from each other?

	A.	Variation allows some individuals to do better than others, so those variations are selected for.
	B.	If variations or mutations are extreme enough, new species can result.
	C.	Variations are important because individuals have to change through time.
	D.	Variations are important because they're inherited.
	E.	Variation gives every individual an equal chance of surviving so they can be selected for.

If every species on Earth came from some other species, if you look backwards in time, what is the logical conclusion?

	A.	Species do not change through time.
	B.	All species are unique.
	C.	Species cannot adapt to environmental changes.
	D.	All species will eventually go extinct.
	E.	All species are related.

1. (TCO 1) Control subjects in a double-blindtest of a new drug are (Points : 4) informed of what drug they aregetting.
informed of what drug they aregetting but their private physicians are not.
given larger doses of thedrug.
infected with a differentdisease than the experimental subjects.
not given the experimentaldrug but are otherwise treated the same as the experimentalsubjects.

Question 2. 2. (TCO 1) My dog will eat more ofher food when I pour bacon grease over the food before I give it toher. This is an example of a(n) _____. (Points : 4)

observation
hypothesis
experiment
theory
All of the above

Question 3. 3. (TCO 1) Deductive reasoning isused to make _____ based on a hypothesis. (Points : 4)

data
theories
statistical tests
correlations
predictions

Question 4. 4. (TCO 2) Which of the followingstatements about the periodic table is incorrect? (Points : 4)

A period is a horizontal rowon the periodic table.
A group is a column on theperiodic table.
The elements in each periodhave similar chemical properties.
The A groups contain therepresentative elements.
The B groups contain thetransition elements.

Question 5. 5. (TCO 2) How do you find themass number of an atom? (Points : 4)

Add up the number of protons,electrons, and neutrons in the atom.
Add up the number of protonsand neutrons in the atom.
It is equal to the number ofprotons in the atom.
It is equal to the number ofneutrons in the atom.
Find the net electrical chargeof the atom.

Question 6. 6. (TCO 2) An isotope of potassiumhas a mass number of 39. How many neutrons are present in thisisotope? (Points : 4)

19
20
24
44
58

Question 7. 7. (TCO 2) Which particles arefound in the nucleus of an atom? (Points : 4)

Only neutrons
Protons and electrons
Protons and neutrons
Only electrons
Only protons

Question 8. 8. (TCO 3) How many atoms ofphosphate are found in a molecule ofZn₃(PO₄)₂? (Points : 4)

Two
Four
One
Eight
Three

Question 9. 9. (TCO 3) Emily has a box thatcontains 0.01 mole of aluminum. How many particles of aluminum arein the box? (Points : 4)

6.02
3.01

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Question 211 pts

Blood cells placed in pure water will burst because there is a net movement of water out of the cell.

True

False

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Question 221 pts

Photosynthesis takes place in tiny organelles within the cell known as mitochondria.

True

False

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Question 231 pts

The balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration is

C6H12O6 + 6O2 â 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 or 38 ATP

True

False

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Question 241 pts

A catalyst is anything that speeds up a chemical reaction.

True

False

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Question 251 pts

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

True

False

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Question 261 pts

Changes in temperature and pH may speed up or slow down the activity of an enzyme.

True

False

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Question 271 pts

There are 20 different amino acids.

True

False

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Question 281 pts

The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

True

False

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Question 291 pts

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Cell Theory?

Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

Cells are the smallest units of structure and function

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cells can vary their shape and size to suit the environment for survival.

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Question 301 pts

What is the name of the two subatomic particles that can be found in the nucleus of an atom?

neutrons and electrons

protons and neutrons

protons and electrons

protons and morons

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Question 311 pts

Atoms that have either a positive or negative charge are known as:

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Question 321 pts

An atom with an unfilled outer energy level (electron shell) is likely to be:

inert

unable to form bonds with other atoms

reactive

extremely stable

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Question 331 pts

All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions. This is known as

metabolism

homeostasis

heredity

cellular organization

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Question 341 pts

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the five basic properties shared among living organisms?

made of one or more cells

grow and reproduce

posses DNA

need oxygen to survive

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Question 351 pts

CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) in the stratosphere cause:

global warming due to increased CO2

increase ozone levels by converting O2 to O3 and decreasing UV passage to Earth.

act as a catalyst to destroy ozone increasing UV passage to Earth.

increased ice crystal formation that cools the earth.

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Question 361 pts

The process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring is known as:

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Question 371 pts

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in muscle cells of the human body.

True

False

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Question 381 pts

If carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, how many electrons must it have to be electrically neutral?

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Question 391 pts

The loss of an electron is known as _______; the gain of an electron is known as ________.

reduction; oxidation

transduction; adduction

oxidation; reduction

removal; addition

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Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

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BIO 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Sulfur, Valence Electron

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