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BIOL 2021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: If And Only If, Microtubule, Chromosome Segregation

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School
York University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 2021
Professor
Patricia Lakin- Thomas

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Document Summary

Lecture 16 chapters 16 and 17 cytoskeleton, motors and cell cycle. Organelle transport: motor proteins carry organelles minus to bring in, plus to bring out, er localization fig 12-24a. Plus end directed kinesin carry er out: golgi localization fig 13-26. Dyneins carry golg: myosin + actin can also carry organelles. Muscle fiber myoblasts (will make muscle) Myofibril is actual contractile unit cylindrical chain fig 16-74. Tropomyosin: binding to actin going to stop the contraction as it blocks the myosin binding site. Troponin protein complex: regulates the tropomyosin, binds ca2+, moving tropomyosin away. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (in the er, stores ca2+) Action poteintial in pm: transmitted to the t-tubule. Voltage gated ca2+ channel opens: ca2+ released into the cytosol, triggers release of ca2+ from sr more ca2, neuromuscular junction. Immune system destroys pathogens fig 16-4: cell is polarized (different on two ends, actin rearrangements, actin network. Disassemble network at rear: signalling during neutrophil polarization, external signal is gpcr.

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Related Questions

1)Describe the directions in which the two motor proteins, kinesin and dynein, travel along a microtubule. Which of the two proteins moves materials towards the Golgi and which moves materials away from the Golgi? Lastly, what is the speed of kinesin dependent on?

2)What are microfilaments crucial for? How do they self-assemble? Which end do they prefer to elongate from?

3)Describe what types of filaments are in each of the bands of the sarcomere. As a muscle fiber is shortened, describe what happens to each of the bands in the sarcomere as the Z lines move inwards.

4)Describe the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.

5)List the various types of actin-binding proteins

6) A. What are 3 functions of the cytoskeleton?

B.What are the three filaments that compose the cytoskeleton, and what are they composed?

7)How do they see the internal structures of cells in the microscope? What do proteins get labeled with?

8)Myosin II action (Figure 9.61) differs from that of kinesin (Figure 9.15) in that one of the kinesin heads is always in contact with a microtubule, whereas both myosin heads become completely detached from the actin filament. How are these differences correlated with the two types of motor activities in which these proteins engage?

9)If a myofibril were pulled so that the sarcomeres increased in length by approximately 50 percent, what effect would you expect this to have on the contractile ability of the myofibril? Why? What effects would this have on the H, A, and I bands?

10)Because cytoplasmic vesicles are seen to move in both directions within an axon, can you conclude that some microtubules are oriented with their plus end facing the axon terminus and others oriented with the opposite polarity? Why or why not?