BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Mitosis, Meiosis, Down Syndrome
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Biology Review
Lesson 1.4
Abnormal Meiosis:
Non disjunction- not coming apart (failure of chromosomes to properly separate)
Mitosis- Failure of the sister chromatids to separate
Meiosis- Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate (severe damage)
Result of imbalanced chromosomes:
• One or more gametes lacks a chromosome (23-1)
• One or more gametes have an extra chromosome (23+1)
During Fertilization…
Normal gamete + Abnormal gamete
23+22=45 → Monosomy
23+24=47 → Trisomy
23+23=46 → normal
1. Non disjunction in autosomal chromosomes
• Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
o Three #21 chromosomes
o The risk increases with the age of mother
• Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
o Heart abnormalities
o Kidney problems
o Low rate of survival
• Trisomy 13 Patau’s syndrome
o Mental and physical abnormalities
2. Non disjunction in sex chromosomes
• Turner syndrome (x)
o Female has single x chromosome
o Has male characteristics
• Klinefelters syndrome (xxy)
o Male has extra x chromosome
o High levels of female hormones at puberty
o Male is sterile (cant have kids)
• Triple x syndrome
o Occurs in female
o No unusual problems
Lesson 1.6
Heredity
Heredity- the passing of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring
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Document Summary
Non disjunction- not coming apart (failure of chromosomes to properly separate) Mitosis- failure of the sister chromatids to separate. Meiosis- failure of homologous chromosomes to separate (severe damage) Result of imbalanced chromosomes: one or more gametes lacks a chromosome (23-1, one or more gametes have an extra chromosome (23+1) Heredity- the passing of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring. Dominant- alleles of this type determine the expression of the genetic trait in offspring (uppercase letters) Recessive- alleles of this type are over ruled by dominant alleles (lowercase) Mendels law of heredity: law of segregation: two alleles for a trait separate when gametes formed, law of independent assortment: genes for different traits are inherited independently. A parent randomly passes one allele for each trait to each offspring: law of dominance: trait observed is the dominant trait. Incomplete dominance- no dominant or recessive gene, or the trait is controlled by many alleles.