BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Ribulose, Light-Independent Reactions, Competitive Inhibition

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3 Nov 2020

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Calvin cycle is a 3 - carbon molecule. In order to produce this you need the input of 3 co2. You produce 6 of these 3 carbon molecules that are then reduced by nadph. Each turn of the cycle there are 2 atp. Starting point of synthesis of glucose. >> main form of photosynthetic products that circulate the cell starch. Rubisco: most abundant protein on earth: ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, carboxylation reaction: gain of carbons, oxygenase reaction: loss of carbon (photorespiration), occurs in light and absorbs oxygen and releases co2. Rubisco oxygenase activity: o2 acts as a competitive inhibitor of rubisco. Ancient enzyme developed when there was no oxygen in the atmosphere: rubisco active site has a higher affinity for co2 than o2, atmosphere is 21% oxygen, 0. 04% carbon dioxide, moderate temperatures: Carboxylation - 75%, oxygenation 25: species have evolved mechanisms that reduce oxygenation reaction.

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Review question its 1-12 sorry for the xtra questions in the bottom

1:2D chromatography is so named because ____

A: there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimension

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used

E: the process separates the molecules in two direction, first along the X and then along the Y axis

2: :Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ATP synthase

B: antenna complex

C: Chrolophyll B

D: carotenoids

E: chlorphyll A

3: When does A CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2?

A: daytime only

B: Summer day

C: winter day

D: nighttime only

E: anytime the calvin cycle is happening

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell ?
A; in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondial inner membrane

C: both thylakid and inner mitochondria membrane

D: only in the nucleus

E: embedded in the plasma membrane

5: chloroplast kept in the daek can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae

B: grana

C: granastomata?

D: stroma

11: n order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: ?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium

A: ?there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography process?

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimensions?

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used?

E: the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis?

2:Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ?ATP synthase

B: the antenna complex?

C: chlorophyll b?

D: carotenoids?

E: chlorophyll a

3: When does a CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2??

A: ?daytime only

B: summer only?

C: ?winter only

D: nighttime only?

?e: anytime the Calvin cycle is occurring

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell??

A: ?in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondrial inner membrane only?

C: both the thylakoid and inner mitochondrial membranes?

D: only in the nucleus?

E: ?embedded in the plasma membrane

5: Chloroplasts kept in the dark can continue to make sugar if provided with ____.

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP?

B: CO2 and ATP?

?c: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP?

E: water and ATP

6: Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A: thylakoid lumen?

B: cytosol?

C: stroma?

D: stromal lamellae

?e: thylakoid membrane

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants.?

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants.

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.?

D: Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light??

A:The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them.?

B: The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra violet and infrared).?

?c: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

?e: Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9; In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable??

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light?

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae?

B: grana?

C: stomata?

?D: stroma

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A:	?CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

?B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low.?

D:	RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2.?

e:	?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

cyanporcupine115

QUESTION 1

Which of the following is the correct order of the three stages of cellular respiration?

	a.	Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport
	b.	electron transport, glycolysis, Krebs cycle
	c.	Krebs cycle, electron transport, glycolysis
	d.	glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
	e.	electron transport, Krebs cycle, glycolysis

1 points

QUESTION 2

Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to six molecules of glucose to use, how many ATP molecules would it be able to produce?

	a.	2
	b.	34
	c.	36
	d.	6
	e.	12

1 points

QUESTION 3

The oxygen that organisms need to live is used exclusively in which of the following metabolic pathways?

	a.	Electron transport chain
	b.	Anaerobic respiration
	c.	Glycolysis
	d.	Krebs cycle
	e.	ATP-Synthase

1 points

QUESTION 4

The electron transport chain uses the energy in NADH and FADH₂ to pump H⁺ ions from the matrix to the innermembrane space. The H⁺ gradient is then used to power ATP-Synthase. Enough H⁺ is pumped from the energy in a molecule of NADH to produce ______ ATP molecules, while enough H⁺ is pumped from the energy in a FADH₂ molecule to produce ______ ATP molecules.

	a.	three; two
	b.	three; three
	c.	two; two
	d.	two; three

1 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following list contains only products of cellular respiration?

	a.	glucose, oxygen, ADP
	b.	ATP, carbon dioxide
	c.	oxygen, ADP, carbon dioxide
	d.	ATP, glucose, oxygen
	e.	glucose, ATP

1 points

QUESTION 6

What powers the enzyme ATP-Synthase?

	a.	NADH molecules
	b.	oxygen (O₂)
	c.	ATP
	d.	NADH and FADH₂ molecules
	e.	The H⁺ gradient between the matrix and inner-membrane space

1 points

QUESTION 7

Organisms exist which are able to survive using only glycolysis (i.e. without using oxidative phosphorylation).

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 8

Each ADP molecule contains ________ phosphates, and each ATP molecule contains ________ phosphates.

	a.	three; three
	b.	two; two
	c.	one; two
	d.	two; three
	e.	one; three

1 points

QUESTION 9

Adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is an endergonic reaction.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 10

The majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced during glycolysis.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 11

Glycolysis occurs:

	a.	on enzymes located in the inner-membrane.
	b.	in the cytosol.
	c.	in the inner-membrane space.
	d.	in the nucleus of the cell.
	e.	in the matrix of mitochondria.

1 points

QUESTION 12

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is due to:

	a.	the production of alcohol during anaerobic respiration.
	b.	a buildup of lactic acid.
	c.	an excessive amount of ATP that builds up during exercise.
	d.	the large amounts of CO₂ building up in the muscle.

1 points

QUESTION 13

A required reactant for glycolysis is:

	a.	the electron transport chain.
	b.	carbon dioxide.
	c.	oxygen.
	d.	NAD+.
	e.	mitochondria.

1 points

QUESTION 14

NADH is produced in all of the following except:

	a.	the electron transport chain.
	b.	the Krebs cycle.
	c.	glycolysis.

Question 1 Organisms exist which are able to survive using only glycolysis (i.e. without using oxidative phosphorylation).
True
False

Question 2 Glycolysis occurs:
a. in the matrix of mitochondria.
b. in the inner-membrane space.
c. in the cytosol.
d. in the nucleus of the cell.
e. on enzymes located in the inner-membrane.

Question 3 Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is due to:
a. the large amounts of CO2 building up in the muscle.
b. an excessive amount of ATP that builds up during exercise.
c. a buildup of lactic acid.
d. the production of alcohol during anaerobic respiration.

Question 4 Each ADP molecule contains ________ phosphates, and each ATP molecule contains ________ phosphates.
a. two; three
b. two; two
c. three; three
d. one; three
e. one; two

Question 5 The oxygen that organisms need to live is used exclusively in which of the following metabolic pathways?
a. Glycolysis
b. Electron transport chain
c. Krebs cycle
d. Anaerobic respiration
e. ATP-Synthase

Question 6 NADH is produced in all of the following except:
a. the electron transport chain.
b. glycolysis.
c. the Krebs cycle.

Question 7 Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to six molecules of glucose to use, how many ATP molecules would it be able to produce?
a. 36
b. 6
c. 12
d. 34
e. 2

Question 8 The majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced during glycolysis.
True
False

Question 9 What powers the enzyme ATP-Synthase?
a. The H+ gradient between the matrix and inner-membrane space
b. ATP
c. oxygen (O2)
d. NADH molecules
e. NADH and FADH2 molecules

Question 10 Which of the following list contains only products of cellular respiration?
a. ATP, glucose, oxygen
b. ATP, carbon dioxide
c. oxygen, ADP, carbon dioxide
d. glucose, ATP
e. glucose, oxygen, ADP

Question 11 Adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP is an endergonic reaction. True False

Question 12 The electron transport chain uses the energy in NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the innermembrane space. The H+ gradient is then used to power ATP-Synthase. Enough H+ is pumped from the energy in a molecule of NADH to produce ______ ATP molecules, while enough H+ is pumped from the energy in a FADH2 molecule to produce ______ ATP molecules.
a. two; three
b. three; three
c. three; two
d. two; two

Question 13 Which of the following is the correct order of the three stages of cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
b. Krebs cycle, electron transport, glycolysis
c. electron transport, Krebs cycle, glycolysis
d. electron transport, glycolysis, Krebs cycle
e. Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport

Question 14 A required reactant for glycolysis is:
a. carbon dioxide.
b. mitochondria.
c. NAD+.
d. the electron transport chain.
e. oxygen.

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BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Ribulose, Light-Independent Reactions, Competitive Inhibition

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