Psychology 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 50: B. F. Skinner, Aversion Therapy, Exposure Therapy
29 Apr 2018
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5. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
• Stimulus -> response
• Determining stimulus: response connections
• A bad experience can be conditioned, every time you see something that relates to the
bad experience, you will get anxious and get anxiety
• Big problem with phobias: your response to something that gives you anxiety and you
avoid it, is reinforced by fear/anxiety reduction
o Default response becomes to avoid it completely, but exposure therapy is the best
way to get rid of this anxiety/phobia
o Tendency to avoid gets weaker
• Therapies
o Systematic desensitization
• Replace one response with another
• Condition a new response to the CS that is incompatible with anxiety
▪ Voluntary muscle relaxation
▪ Client constructs a stimulus hierarchy
▪ Client practices relaxation while moving up the hierarchy
• You cannot be anxious and not feel anxiety at the same time
o Exposure: extinction of phobias
• Repeated exposure to feared CS, with no opportunity to avoid CS, response
prevention
• Ex. Fear of spiders
▪ May be exposed to actual spiders (flooding)
▪ May be asked to visualize spiders (implosion therapy
o Aversion therapy
• Rid clients of harmful or socially undesirable behaviour by pairing it with a
painful or sickening stimulus until the behaviour becomes associated with
pain and discomfort
• Ex. For alcoholics, use Antabuse (makes alcoholics sick)
6. Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner)
• Strength of behaviour is modified by reinforcement and punishment
• Procedure that is used to bring about learning
• Positive reinforcement
o Reward appropriate behaviour
o Token economies: desired goods for "good" behaviour
• Modelling and social skills training
o Learn new skills by observing and then imitating models
o Used to learn new behaviours
• Therapies
o Behaviour modification
• Application of learning principles to help a person eliminate undesirable
behaviours and/or acquire more adaptive behaviours
▪ Reduce inappropriate behaviours
▪ Increase appropriate behaviours
o Relaxation can also help
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