Kinesiology 3347A/B Lecture Notes - Medullary Cavity, Endosteum, Diaphysis

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1 May 2012

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Unit 5: contribution of major tissues to somatic growth. All functional fat cells and tissues in the body. The adipose organ: comprised of adipocytes, lipid storage, stored for 4 purposes, energy. High-yield: passive insulation and active heat regulation, protection to our viscera. Generally distinguishes male from female forms: fat storing/ releasing function, otherwise not considered an adipocyte. Two major categories of adipose tissue with regards to location: subcutaneous, major percentage of adipose organ, obesity, essential: Internal; deep; visceral; omental (omentum = fat sheath that covers viscera: around viscera. If not developed properly, can have cns problems and motor deficiencies: cell membranes. 2 major types of adipose tissues with regards to structure: white tissue, highly abundant, white adipocytes. Structurally different than other adipocytes in the body: single, large vacuole of lipid or triglyceride, organelles compressed to periphery of cell, cells arranged in lobules, held together by collagenous connective tissue, mature adipocytes. Quite large relative to other cells in the body.

Related Questions

Some of the excess calories we consume are stored as fat glycogen. Excess storage can lead to obesity, which is one of the worldwide health issues in humans. Body weight is regulated by complex brain circuitry involving peripheral factors that primarily work in the brain. Please answer the following questions:

a) John is 30 years old. His height is 170cm and body weight is 88kg. Based on his BMI, is John is obese or not? (1.5 marks)

b) The ob/ob mutant mouse become obese due to mutation in the gene responsible for the production of a polypeptide hormone that affects the adipose tissue mass. What is the name of the hormone and where is produced in the body? (1.5 marks)

c) Pleases explain how the hormone regulates body weight, including the major brain site of its action (1 mark), its effect on appetite (2 marks) and the contribution of brown adipose tissue to the weight regulation. (2 marks)

d) In addition to this hormone, a peptide hormone produced by the gastrointestinal tract also contributes to regulating appetite and energy expenditure. The hormone was discovered by a Japanese group in 1990s. What is the name of the hormone? (0.5 mark) What is the main effect of this gut hormone on food intake, body weight and hunger signals? (1.5 marks)

I have a quiz for the cell structures and their functions. Please answer these questions.

1. CHEEK CELLS

Cheek cells are not the major producers of mucus in the mouth, they do produce a small amount of mucopolysaccharide. What inclusions should be especially numerous in the cytoplasm of these cells in order to make and excrete such a substance? What function does their flat shape provide?

2. BLOOD SMEAR (FROG & HUMAN)

How they differ? How is each adapted to the metabolic level of its owners? What is the function of these cells? What is the natural selection benefit of removing nuclei and mitochondria from the human red blood cells?

3. LEAF TISSUE (cross section)

Is there a cell membrane? A cell wall? Note the green pigment in the chloroplasts. Is green color found outside of chloroplasts? Why?

4. GIANT MULTIPOLAR NEURON

Look for the long fibers that support the processes. What cytoskeletal components are these composed of? Can you suggest a function for this characteristic?

5.SPERM (frog)

How do this structure and size relate to the function of a sperm?

6. ADIPOSE TISSUE

Look for cell boundaries and nuclei in the cytoplasmic areas. Can you suggest a function of these fat cells?

7.EPITHELIUM (columnar)

What is the internal structure of microvilli? What is their function?

jadeturtle730

As vascular plants evolved, they developed several important evolutionary advances. Explain the importance of each of the following:

a. vascular tissue

b. seeds

c. flowers

d. fruits

4. Explain how biologists use variations in body plans to categorize animals. Be sure to describe different types of:

a. symmetry

b. tissue organization

c. body cavities

d. modes of early development

5. List the major groups of extant (living) vertebrates, along with their distinguishing characteristics. Also, explain the evolutionary changes that resulted in groups branching off from each other (e.g. jaws, limbs, etc.).

Kinesiology 3347A/B Lecture Notes - Medullary Cavity, Endosteum, Diaphysis

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