Kinesiology 2230A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Citric Acid Cycle, Exercise Intensity, Acetyl-Coa

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2 Mar 2018

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Your body wants to maintain a temp of 37 and things like clothing outside temp can effect it. Adipose tissue is where your fat stores. You take off one fatty acid at a time and eventually end up with 3 fatty acids and a glycerol. There are specific proteins and transporters for it. Coa is added on to it and a acyl as well. This allows it with a little energy to get through outer mitochondrial membrane. It can then be stored if you are not doing much activity. If there is exercise you have carnitine available you take off the coa and attach the carnitine. And is then transferred to the inner membrane. You are then ready to get some energy from it. There are 2 carbons and associated hydrogens that are metabolized to create energy. For each fatty acid you can go through the system 7 times.

Related Questions

B-Oxidation of Trans Fats ljnsaturated fats with trans double bonds are commonly referred to as "trans fats." There has been much discussion about the effects of dietary trans fats on health. In their investigations of the effects of trans fatty acid metabolism on health, Yu and col- Ieagues (2004) showed that a model trans fatty acid was processed differently from its cis isomer. They used three related l8-carbon fatty acids to explore the difference in F oxidation between cis and trans isomers of the same-size fatty acid.

(a) Why did Yu and colleagues need to use CoA deriva- tives rather than the free fatty acids in these experiments?

(b) Why were no lower molecular weight CoA derivatives found in the reaction with stearoyl-CoA?

(c) How many rounds of B oxidation would be required to convert the oleoyl-CoA and the elaidoyl-CoA to cd,s-L5- tetradecenoyl- C oA and trans-A5-tetrade cenoyl- C oA, respectively?

There are two forms of the enzyme acyl-CoA dehydroge- nase (see Fig. l7-8a): long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD). Yu and coworkers measured the kinetic parameters of both enzymes. They used the CoA derivatives of three fatty acids: tetradecanoyl-CoA (C1a-CoA), c'i,s-L5-tetradecenoyl- CoA (cAsC,n-CoA), and trans-L5-tetradecenoyl-CoA (tAsOr4- CoA). The results are shown below. (See Chapter 6 for defini- tions of the kinetic parameters.)

(d) For LCAD, the K^ differs dramatically for the cis and trans substrates. Provide a plausible explanation for this observation in terms of the structures of the substrate mole- cules. (Hint: You may want to refer to Fig. I0-2.)

(e) The kinetic parameters of the two enzymes are rele- vant to the differential processing of these fatty acids only tf the LCAD or VLCAD reaction (or both) is the rate-limiting step in the pathway. What evidence is there to support this assumption?

(f) How do these different kinetic parameters explain the different levels of the CoA derivatives found after incubation of rat liver mitochondria with stearoyl-CoA, oleoyl-CoA, and elaidoyl-CoA (shown in the three-panel figure)?

Yu and coworkers measured the substrate specificity of rat liver mitochondrial thioesterase, which hydrolyzes acyl- CoA to CoA and free fatty acid (see Chapter 21). This enzyme was approximately twice as active with C1a-CoA thioesters as with C 1s-CoA thioesters.

(S) Other research has suggested that free fatty acids can paSS through membranes. In their experiments, Yu and colleagues found trans-L5-tetradecenoic acid outside mito- chondria (i.e., in the medium) that had been incubated with elaidoyl-CoA. Describe the pathway that led to this extramito- chondrial trans-L5-tetradecenoic acid. Be sure to indicate where in the cell the various transformations take place, as well as the enzymes that catalyze the transformations.

(h) It is often said in the popular press that "trans fats are not broken down by your cells and instead accumulate in your body." In what sense is this statement correct and in what sense is it an oversimplification?

For each question,choose the ONE BEST And Give Best Explanation [No Explanation nopoints :( ]

1. Metabolismis

A. the means by whichDNA is stored.

B. the sum of all theanabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell.

C. the reactions thatbreak fuel molecules down to gain energy.

D. the reactions thatsynthesise molecules in the cell.

E. the sum of all thereactions taking place in the mitochondrial matrix.

2. The Krebscycle

A. breaks downpyruvate.

B. oxidizes two-carbonunits to produce carbon dioxide and reduced coenzymes.

C. oxidizesglycerol.

D. drives H+ out of themitochondrial matrix.

E. uses GTP rather thanATP to supply phosphate groups.

3. Which of thefollowing statements about the glycolysis pathway in the cytosol isincorrect?

A. It makes ATP.

B. It makesacetyl-CoA.

C. It interacts with thepentose phosphate pathway.

D. All but three stepsare reversible and therefore also operate in gluconeogenesis.

E. It is oxidative underaerobic conditions.

4. %u03B2oxidation

A. breaks the%u03B2-glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

B. uses acetyl-CoA,NADH, and FADH2 to produce long-chain fatty acids.

C. generates pentosesugars.

D. oxidizes fatty acidsto give acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.

E. Is part oftriacylglycerol biosynthesis.

5.Gluconeogenesis is not capable of making glucose from

A. alanine.

B. lactate.

C. glycerol.

D. palmitate.

E. 2-oxoglutarate.

6. Which of thefollowing statements is incorrect concerning photosynthesis ingreen

plants?

A. It generates ATP,NADPH, and oxygen.

B. It adds carbondioxide to a five-carbon sugar that is then cleaved to form twomolecules of

phosphoglycerate.

C. Its enzymes are foundin the mitochondria.

D. It uses light energyto drive the splitting of water.

E. Its enzymes are foundin the chloroplasts.

7. Positivefeedback is operating

A. when adenosinemonophosphate activates phosphofructokinase.

B. when cAMP activatestranscription of the lac operon.

C. when tryptophaninhibits transcription of the trp operon.

D. whenN-acyl-HSL promotes transcription of the luxoperon.

E. in all the examplesabove.

8. ATP

A. is converted to ADPas H+ enters the mitochondrial matrix.

B. is a coenzyme.

C. passes through theouter mitochondrial membrane by simple diffusion.

D. cannot be made in theabsence of oxygen.

E. concentrations fall to a low levelin resting cells.

lilacwoodchuck496

The following is a scenerio given by my professor. The bolded questions/instructions are what she wanted us to respond to with short answers using the scenerio provided. This is all she provided me with and nothing more except for a larger second portion (which also confused me a great deal).

You are part of research team that travels to a small island, Isla Naturale, to study various organisms on the island. When you get there you and a couple of colleagues decide to survey areas that seem to have very little organisms present like the beach and near the lava rocks. You notice that you can see a few lizards running around, they are nearly identical in every way except for their color. One lizard is light brown with white spots found mostly at the edge of the coast and the other is a gray color with black spots found to nest under lava rocks. You would like to test if they are separate species or if they interact with one another. Using the scientific method (question, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion), design an experiment you could do to answer your question.

You travel back to Isla Naturale to study microbial organisms in a cave that one of your colleagues discovered a couple of months ago. Colleagues have found an underground spring inside the cave and decide to collect and bring back samples of water, rock, and soil. Once you examine the specimens closely you find the microbes present in the soil near the spring. The whole lab celebrates because it is a newly discovered organism and label it ISNAT01.

You are all excited to have potentially found a new life form. You find out that that ISNAT01 requires a high concentration of the ionic compound sodium chloride (NaCl) to live. Since no other organisms were found in the spring, the water must contain high amounts of sodium chloride. You test the pH of the water, the pH meter reads 10.12.

You are curious to know how this new organism, ISNAT01, thrives in this environment. You then test to see what types of elements and compounds that this microbe could possibly feed off of and what types of molecules it can make to within stand this extreme environment. If ISNAT01 cell membrane is composed of glycerol and fatty acids and high amounts of cysteine, what can you hypothesize about the microbe?

You then isolate an Enzyme ABC for ISNAT01. At the pH of the water in the cave spring, Enzyme ABC is found to be involved with assembling the cell membrane of ISNAT01. Which type of biological macromolecule is most likely involved? Draw a line graph showing how the concentration of Enzyme ABC affects the rate of cell membrane assembly at optimal pH. On the same graph, draw a second graph showing how the concentration of Enzyme ABC affects the rate of cell assembly if the pH of the water in the cave spring were to change from 10.12 to 5.5.

periwinklecrocodile4

Kinesiology 2230A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Citric Acid Cycle, Exercise Intensity, Acetyl-Coa

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