Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Reactive Oxygen Species, Start Codon, Synthetic Biology
12 Mar 2016
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The mitochondria was once a free living bacteria. The chloroplast was once a free living cyanobacteria. Lateral gene transfer: why do genes move: 95% of proteins are encoded for by the nucleus lateral gene transfer. Genes in the nucleus can undergo sexual recombination and that generates variation. The nuclear genome can get quite large, genes can duplicate, and their functions can diverge if they move in to the nucleus: ecoli has 5000b b thousand kb has about 5000 genes. The original prokaryote probably also had 5000 genes now has 16kb as a mitochondria now. Humans have only 37 genes in only 16kb of circular mtdna. Only makes about a dozen proteins: it takes several genes to make one protein, some of the genes actually don"t even code for proteins, all genes are transcribed but they might be mrna or trna or ribosomal. Advantage for local control: organelles have their own translational machinery. Mitochondria need to divide: evolution hasn"t actually stopped!
