Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Horizontal Gene Transfer, Cytochrome C Oxidase, Nuclear Membrane
12 Apr 2017
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Why are eukaryotic cells more complex than prokaryotic: movement, muscles, etc, bigger. Endomembrane system: where did the nuclear envelope come from, infolding of the plasma membrane, also accounts for the er (same origin as the nuclear envelope) Energy transducing organelles- mitochondria & chloroplasts: arose from endosymbiosis- modern day mitochondria & chloroplasts are descendants from ancient bacteria, bacteria engulfing other bacteria, aerobic bacterium- became mitochondria (progenitor) Can make a lot of atp, highly advantageous: cyanobacterium- became chloroplasts (progenitor, plants have chloroplasts and mitochondria. Compare mitochondria & chloroplast to aerobic bacteria & cyanobacteria. New chloroplast comes from existing chloroplasts (like bacteria) Cannot build them the same way you build a ribosome using rna and protein: electron transport chains. Free living cyanobacteria would have had their own etcs. Have their own genomes- their own genetic info: transcription/translation machinery. Over evolutionary time (millions of years), there is movement of mitochondrial genes (or chloroplasts) to the nucleus.
