Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Cytochrome C, Volvox, Noncoding Dna

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21 Aug 2017

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Volvox and chlamy sequence are really similar (e = 0). There is sequence conservation the sequences are the same so that they were conserved. Synonymous means that there is a change in the nucleotide, but because of the redundancy in the genetic code you get the same amino acid table, there is no change in the proteins. In volvox and chlamy there are 17 difference in the dna, however the amino acid sequence is the exact same. Nonsynonymous: change in nucleotide that causes a change in the amino acid. If selection wants to affect it, then it should affect the phenotype. Synonymous substations don"t affect selection, but they occur anyways. These are stable changes to the gene sequence. But they are neutral with regards to selection. These are called neutral changes, but the underlying biochemistry and mutation is the same. It"s just the change may be neutral, but how that change arose is the same.

Related Questions

Below you have the sequence of 33 nucleotides(part of a coding region of gene TTr34) from two different species of birds (Species A and Species B). For simplicity, the amino acids encoded by the codons of Species A is also indicated, and â.â indicates the same nucleotide as the one observed in the first sequence.

	Pro	Gly	Asn	Thr	His	Glu	Ala	Gln	Lys	Ala	Val
Species A	CCT	GGG	AAT	ACT	CAT	GAA	GCA	CAA	AAA	GCC	GTC
Species B	. . G	. . T	. . C	. . .	. . .	. C .	. . .	. C .	. . T	A . .	. . T

Use these two sequences to estimate the molecular distances.

a. How many nucleotide changes produce a change in amino acid (nonsynonymous changes)(use the genetic code)?

b. How many nucleotide changes are synonymous (do not cause a change in amino acid)(use the genetic code)?

c. Calculate the molecular distance for synonymous (Ds) and Nonsynonymous (Da) for this gene region without correction. To estimate the total number of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites, assume that 25% of the sites are synonymous and 75% of sites are nonsynonymous.

* Please show all work and explain. *

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

	DNA replication requires primers
	Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication
	RNA is involved in DNA replication
	The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication
	There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

	nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond
	nucleotide, nucleic acid
	amino acid, nucleic acid
	nucleotide, nitrogenous base
	amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

	organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction
	variation in traits is often heritable
	descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity
	organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes
	natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

	Met-Ile-Val
	Asp-Ala-Ser-Met
	Met-Leu-Val
	Ser-Met-Ile-Val
	Gly-Cys

Soluble acid hydrolases are enzymes that are active in the acidic environment of lysosomes, where the pH is about 5.0. Mutations in the nucleotide sequence of one acid hydrolase family member have resulted in the encoded protein having lost key glycosylation sites. This is due to the substitutions of incorrect amino acids. How will these mutations affect the protein's cellular localization and function? Explain your answer.

Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Cytochrome C, Volvox, Noncoding Dna

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