Fill in the blank. Elongation during translation does NOT involve ____________.

Question 16 options:

	the translation of codons according to the genetic code
	the formation of bonds catalyzed by the ribosome
	complementary base pairing between RNA molecules
	amino acids being linked together in a polypeptide
	reading the DNA template 3' to 5'

For a given gene, what establishes the reading frame for translation?

Question 17 options:

	the location of the enhancer relative to the gene
	the first three nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA
	the first three nucleotides at the 3' end of the mRNA
	the start codon in the mRNA
	the location of the promoter relative to the gene

Which of the following is the LEAST likely direct consequence of a substitution mutation?

Question 18 options:

	changing the length of a protein coded for by a gene
	changing one amino acid in a protein
	creating a stop codon
	eliminating a start codon
	changing the length of the DNA molecule containing a gene

Suppose that the pre-mRNA transcript from a eukaryotic gene is 30,000 nucleotides long, and the gene codes for a sequence of 300 amino acids. What is the best explanation for the relationship between these numbers?

Question 19 options:

	only the first 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated
	it takes 100 nucleotides to specify a single amino acid
	300 of the nucleotides in the transcript are important, and the rest are "junk"
	only the last 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated
	large portions of pre-mRNA transcripts are cut out during RNA processing

Suppose an individual is born into a population with a novel mutation. Is the new mutation an evolutionary change, and why?

Question 20 options:

	no, because it is not a big enough change to count
	yes, because new mutations are always adaptive
	yes, because the appearance of a new genetic variant is a genetic change in a population
	no, because not enough individuals have the mutation for it to matter
	no, because most mutations are not adaptive

For this assignment, we will consider a protein expressed in theliver of an African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Biochemistsdetermined that this protein is involved in the production ofglycogen.

In a stunning announcement, a snowboarder in Antarctica claimsto have found a new species of cheetah that is able to survivefreezing temperatures and a long, dark winter. The snowboarderdescribed a slow, fat, white-furred cheetah that may be related tothe African cheetah. Scientists isolated a fragment of DNA from theobese feline creature which codes for the liver protein:

(3' end) ...CTACGTTCAGCTTGTCACGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GATGCAAGTCGAACAGTGCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

At almost the same time, a sleek, fast, white-coated cheetah wasfound in the Andes in South America where cheetahs were not knownto exist. With some difficulty, a geneticist convinced the cheetahto allow her to swab the inside of the big cat's cheek to get asample of DNA. Soon after, the geneticist was able to isolate thefollowing DNA fragment believed to be involved with glycogenproduction in the liver:

(3' end) ...TCACCTACGTTCAATAGGTCACGACTGG... (5' end)

(5' end) ...AGTGGATGCAAGTTATCCAGTGCTGACC... (3' end)

The original African cheetah DNA fragment describing the liverprotein in question is this:

(3' end) ...CACCTACGTTCAGGAGGTCAGGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GTGGATGCAAGTCCTCCAGTCCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

You are part of a team of geneticists, evolutionary biologists,and bioinformatics experts. You will attempt to describe thedifferences between the three species of cheetah in both geneticand evolutionary terms.

1)For each DNA sequence, transcribe to mRNA and then find thechain of amino acids that it produces. Remember that a gene mustbegin with the "Start" codon.

2)Describe the differences in the basic genetic code between thethree species. How many DNA point mutations would be required tochange from one species to the others? How do the amino acidsequences of the proteins differ? Are there any silent mutationsthat may not effect the function of the protein?

3)Looking at the amino acid substitutions that exist between thespecies, would you expect there to be large functional differencesbetween the two slightly different proteins based on the propertiesof the substituted amino acids? Explain why you think this might bethe case.

4)Quantitatively assess the evolutionary distance between eachpair of the three species using the substitution matrix and PAMscores. (This involves three pairs: African/Andes,African/Antarctic, and Antarctic/Andes.)

5)Propose a scenario describing how the two new cheetah speciesmight have evolved from the African cheetah. Were the two newcheetahs once a single species which then branched to form twoseparate species? Or did they evolve independently from the Africancheetah? Be sure to include in your scenario how the new cheetahsmanaged to move from Africa to their present locations. Estimate arelative time line for each separate speciation event. (Aspeciation event is the genetic or environmental event that resultsin the creation of a new species.) How might the three proteinsexplain the survivability of the three species in their nativehabitat? (A little speculation is OK here. You are presenting ahypothesis based on the available evidence. Further research wouldbe required to prove your hypothesis.)

HELP IS APPRECIATED

sapphiregoose826

For this assignment, we will consider a protein expressed in theliver of an African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Biochemistsdetermined that this protein is involved in the production ofglycogen.

In a stunning announcement, a snowboarder in Antarctica claimsto have found a new species of cheetah that is able to survivefreezing temperatures and a long, dark winter. The snowboarderdescribed a slow, fat, white-furred cheetah that may be related tothe African cheetah. Scientists isolated a fragment of DNA from theobese feline creature which codes for the liver protein:

(3' end) ...CTACGTTCAGCTTGTCACGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GATGCAAGTCGAACAGTGCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

At almost the same time, a sleek, fast, white-coated cheetah wasfound in the Andes in South America where cheetahs were not knownto exist. With some difficulty, a geneticist convinced the cheetahto allow her to swab the inside of the big cat's cheek to get asample of DNA. Soon after, the geneticist was able to isolate thefollowing DNA fragment believed to be involved with glycogenproduction in the liver:

(3' end) ...TCACCTACGTTCAATAGGTCACGACTGG... (5' end)

(5' end) ...AGTGGATGCAAGTTATCCAGTGCTGACC... (3' end)

The original African cheetah DNA fragment describing the liverprotein in question is this:

(3' end) ...CACCTACGTTCAGGAGGTCAGGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GTGGATGCAAGTCCTCCAGTCCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

You are part of a team of geneticists, evolutionary biologists,and bioinformatics experts. You will attempt to describe thedifferences between the three species of cheetah in both geneticand evolutionary terms.

1)For each DNA sequence, transcribe to mRNA and then find thechain of amino acids that it produces. Remember that a gene mustbegin with the "Start" codon.

2)Describe the differences in the basic genetic code between thethree species. How many DNA point mutations would be required tochange from one species to the others? How do the amino acidsequences of the proteins differ? Are there any silent mutationsthat may not effect the function of the protein?

3)Looking at the amino acid substitutions that exist between thespecies, would you expect there to be large functional differencesbetween the two slightly different proteins based on the propertiesof the substituted amino acids? Explain why you think this might bethe case.

4)Quantitatively assess the evolutionary distance between eachpair of the three species using the substitution matrix and PAMscores. (This involves three pairs: African/Andes,African/Antarctic, and Antarctic/Andes.)

5)Propose a scenario describing how the two new cheetah speciesmight have evolved from the African cheetah. Were the two newcheetahs once a single species which then branched to form twoseparate species? Or did they evolve independently from the Africancheetah? Be sure to include in your scenario how the new cheetahsmanaged to move from Africa to their present locations. Estimate arelative time line for each separate speciation event. (Aspeciation event is the genetic or environmental event that resultsin the creation of a new species.) How might the three proteinsexplain the survivability of the three species in their nativehabitat? (A little speculation is OK here. You are presenting ahypothesis based on the available evidence. Further research wouldbe required to prove your hypothesis.)

HELP IS APPRECIATED

sangriamuskrat18

Biochemistry 2280A Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Chloramphenicol, Conformational Change, Puromycin

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