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BIOL 2131 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: West Nile Fever, Allele Frequency, Germ Cell

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orangehorse801
14 Mar 2016
School
University of Windsor
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 2131
Professor
Dr.Andrew Hubberstey

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Document Summary

Key questions for week 2 lectures: chapter 1. How is dna mutated: there is a technical aspect of how dna ban become changed. How can some mutations become beneficial for a population: without mutation, there would be no life on the planet, mutation can be bad, but it can be good, it is essential for life. What are viroids and prions: infectious agents. What are the roles for cnvs in creating genetic diversity: genetic diversity is generally a good thing so you don"t concentrate mutant alleles, copy number variants, cnvs generate genetic diversity. What allows a particular mutation to exist so that it becomes heritable. 60% of fertilized eggs never go on to be born (either end very early in development or are spontaneously aborted at a later stage) Rare to have a healthy normal baby doesn"t occur majority of times the egg is fertilized. Any change in the genomic dna sequence. You can get mutations anywhere on the genome.

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Related Questions

Recently I have found myself in a discussion with a guy thatisn't a creationist, but denies evolution. He cites several studiesthat show problems like this one, but I do not have the knowledgeto refute it properly. Whats the problem with the following:

One problem is that population genetics shows us evolutiondestroys functional sequences much faster than it creates them inany large-genome animal with low reproductive rates, becausedeleterious mutations arrive faster than selection can remove them.This would include just about all mammals, reptiles, and birds--anyof our would-be ancestors over the last 300m years.

Specifically, humans get 60 to 160 mutations per generation,10-20+% of our genome is sensitive to substitution, and this givesus 6-32 deleterious mutations per offspring (most slight). Evenwith the low estimate of 6, every child is less fit than theirparents and natural (or even artificial) selection can only choosethe least degenerate each generation. For every generation where amutation can be selected, random mutations destroy 5-32+ previouslyselected. Beneficial mutations like lactose tolerance (a jammedswitch) take 1000s of years to appear and fixate.

If you know the genome size, mutation rate, and reproductiverate, you can calculate at what rate deleterious mutations arrivefaster than they can be removed:

"It has been estimated that there are as many as 100 newmutations in the genome of each individual human. If even a smallfraction of these mutations are deleterious and removed byselection, it is difficult to explain how human populations couldhave survived. If the effects of mutations act in a multiplicativemanner, the proportion of individuals that become selectivelyeliminated from the population (proportion of `genetic deaths') is1-e^-U, where U is the deleterious mutation rate per diploid, so ahigh rate of deleterious mutation (U>>1) is paradoxical in aspecies with a low reproductive rate." High genomic deleteriousmutation rates in hominids, (Nature, 1999)

They worry about a deleterious rate of U much greater than 1 asbeing prohibitively high and we're talking about it being 6-32+,since we now know the functional genome is much larger than wethought it was in 1999. Taking their Poisson probabilitydistribution and using U=6, that means 1-e^-6 = 99.752% of thepopulation will have to be selected away each generation for onelucky enough to have no deleterious mutations. For two to surviveand maintain constant population size that would require on average806 offspring per female--impossible for most mammals, birds, andreptiles. Actually much more since natural selection is notomnisciently efficient.

Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because

Answer Not sure which one ?!

· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes

· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes

· prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translateeukarytic sequences

· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't

· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't


I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

Answer not sure which one?!

· The gene knocked out was recessive.

· The gene knocked out was dominant.

· The gene knocked out was a lethalgene.

· The knockput was integrated into a random spot,and did not knockput the original gene.

A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end

xxCTGCA
xxG

Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?

Answer

· xxG
xxCTGCA

· xxC
xxGTGCA

· xxCCGAT
xxG

· xxGGCTA
xxC


An SNP always occurs dueto

Answer

· a one base-pair change.

· a three base-pair change.

· a single restriction site change.

· a single amino acid change.

· None of these.


I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· penetrance

In his experiments, Mendelnoted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, theyare inherited independently of each other. Though Mendel didn'tknow about chromosomes, this still holds true (mostly)because

Answer

· genes on the same chromosome are often mixedthrough meiotic crossover during the formation ofgametes.

· variant alleles of the same gene do not interferewith the phenotypic expression of the gentoype in different geneticloci.

· most higher organisms are diploid, making only twoalleles available for every genetic locus, and there is a 50/50chance of geting either allele from a single parent.

· expression of phenotypes can vary from thegenotypes because of encironmantal influences.

· chromosomes often recombine

Anticipation is caused by amutation that increases in expressivity over subsequentgenerations.

Answer

· True

· False

Question 44

I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of

Answer

· allelic heterogeneity.

· locus heterogeneity.

· penetrance.

· expressitivity.

· sheer luck.

Question

Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions?

Answer

· Changes in the reaction temperature by athermocycler

· Denaturation at high temperatures

· Synthesis of oligonucleotide primers

· Extension of primers by DNA polymerase

· Annealing of oligonucleotide primers

Question

DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping.

Answer

· True

· False

A mosaic is an organismwith

Answer

· multiple genotypes within one organism

· multiple alleles within one genotype

· more than one color of fur

· transgenes added to the zygote beforedevelopement

· a wt phenotype but a mutated genotype

Question

Genotype causesphenotype.

Answer

· No, gentoype just influences phenotype.

· Yes, genotype is the DNA sequence that createsphenotype.

Question

A true genetic chimera can becreated by

Answer

· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult

· multiple fertilized eggs or zygotes fusing to formone embryo

· adding a transgene to the genome of an organismduring fetal development only

· adding cells of a different species to an adultorganism

· adding a transgene to the genome of an animal atany stage in development

Question

The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.

Answer

· dominant traits

· recessive traits

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

· vampirism

If a loss of functionmutation creates a dominant phenotype, it may be becauseof

Answer

· haploinsufficiency

· penetrance

· expressivity

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

Please select the best matchfor each.

Answer

· PCR: Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

· Southern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay DNA fragments

· RFLPs : DNA fragments generatedby restriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

· Northern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay mRNA fragments

· Electrophoresis Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

Answer

A.

Screening procedure used toassay DNA fragments

B.

Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

C.

Screening procedure used toassay mRNA fragments

D.

DNA fragments generated byrestriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

E.

Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

A gene mutates, and theprotein produced has a novel way of interacting with the cell, andcreates a new phenotype because of this new functionality. This iscalled

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· gain of function dominant mutation

Question 62

Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.

Answer

· True

· False


A degenerate PCR primer withmany variant sequences must be used to make multiple copies of agene

Answer

· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers

· if the DNA you are using is cDNA to constructthe primers

· if the DNA you are using is genomic DNA to becopied

· if the DNA you are trying to copy iscDNA

· if the vector is prokaryotic and the transformedcell is eukarytotic

Question

Please select the best matchfor each term.

Answer

· Restriction enzyme


· PCR C

· Plasmid

· YAC A

· Dideoxynucleotide

Answer

A.

Endonuclease isolated frombacteria

B.

Eukaryotic cloningvector

C.

Method for amplification ofDNA sequences

D.

Small circular fragment ofDNA

E.

Molecule used in DNAsequencing

Question

A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?

Answer

· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's

· the child had a mutation that changed the genethat is used to trace paternity

· the child is a mosaic because he is actually a setof twins fused early during fetal development, and therefore camefrom 2 eggs and 2 sperm

· the dad may have germ-line mosaicism, meaning thatthe genotype of his sperm is different from his somaticgenotype

· mitochondrial DNA only comes from mom, so there isno way to tell whobthe baby's father is




Random, chance events that change allele frequencies are knownas:

A. Gene flow
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection
D. Balancing selection

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Question 21 pts

What type of selection acts to maintain the two extremephenotypic variants in a population?

A. Disruptive selection
B. Directional selection
C. Positive selection
D. Artificial selection

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Question 31 pts

Approximately, how much of our DNA is shared with our closestrelatives, chimpanzees?

A. 100%
B. 98.9%
C. 88.3%
D. 75.8%

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Question 41 pts

The large canines of male baboons are likely the result of________, while the fact that some male baboons are very colorfulis probably the result of _______.

A. Mutation; balancing selection
B. Gene flow; sexual dimorphism
C. Male competition; female choice
D. Mate choice; genetic drift

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Question 51 pts

Negative assortative mating results in an increased frequency ofhomozygous genotypes within a population.

True
False

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Question 61 pts

Genetic evidence suggests that humans and Neandertals neverinterbred.

True
False

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Question 71 pts

The specific variant of the FOXP2 gene associated with languageacquisition in humans is found in both humans and Neandertals.

True
False

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Question 81 pts

Industrial melanism describes the change in moth color from paleto dark after pollution from factories resulted in coating treetrunks with a layer of dark soot. Which statement is trueconcerning industrial melanism?

A. After pollution levels increased, all moths became darkercolored because soot got on their wings
B. The dark moths survived better after pollution levelsincreased because they were not poisoned by the pollutants
C. Individual moths changed their color in response to thepollution
D. Dark moths were present in the population before pollutionlevels increased

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Question 91 pts

Patterns of evolution can be seen above the species level

True
False

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Question 101 pts

Inbreeding is problematic because it increases the probabilitythat offspring inherit two copies of a recessive mutation thatcauses disease.

True
False

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Question 111 pts

As a species, cheetahs seem to have a high risk of extinctionbecause:

A. Gene flow has caused a proliferation of unnecessarygenes.
B. The species' genetic diversity is very low due to a previouspopulation bottleneck event.
C. The species has undergone extreme sexual selection in orderfor males to achieve faster running speeds.
D. Gene flow has been stifled due to an increase in demand forcaptive cheetahs.

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Question 121 pts

A strand of DNA undergoes mutation. Which mutation occurred?

Original DNA- GGA CTC TTA CCC CAC GGA

Mutated DNA- GGG CTC TTA CCC CAC GGA

A. point mutation
B. insertion mutation
C. deletion mutation
D. inversion mutation

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Question 131 pts

A change from one nucleotide to another nucleotide is known as awhat?

A. Point mutation
B. Insertion mutation
C. Deletion mutation
D. Inversion mutation

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Question 141 pts

A change from one nucleotide to another nucleotide is known as awhat?

A. point mutation
B. insertion mutation
C. deletion mutation
D. inversion mutation

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Question 151 pts

According to the Typological Species Concept, species are:

A. An interbreeding group of organisms
B. Static entities endowed with fixed properties
C. A local population of organisms that have similargenes, interbreed, and produce offspring
D. An exclusive community of gene exchange

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Question 161 pts

Recognizing reproductive isolation is key to defining speciesunder the Biological Species Concept.

True
False

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Question 171 pts

The binomial system of classification was developed by:

A. Darwin
B. Wallace
C. Linnaeus
D. Malthus
E. None of the above

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Question 181 pts

A derived trait, unique to a particular taxon within a givencladogram is called:

A. Synapomorphy
B. Apomorphy
C. Analogy
D. Autapomorphy
E. Symplesiomorphy

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Question 191 pts

Analogy, and not homology, is useful for reconstructingevolutionary history.

True
False

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Question 201 pts

A phylogeny is which of the following:

A. A depiction of an organism's complete genome
B. A depiction of evolutionary relationships betweenorganisms
C. The gradual evolution of one species intoanother
D. The Latin name of an organism including its genus andspecies designation