LINB09H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Phonological History Of English Consonant Clusters, Canadian Raising, Joule
Document Summary
There is no single definitive transcription of a word. /broad/ transcription: an abstracted representation of the word, ignoring details: /slashes/ are used to indicate phonemic or broad phonetic transcription. [narrow] transcription: focuses on phonological processes at work: [square brackets] indicate narrow/phonetic transcription. Phonemes are sounds that are contrastive within a language; changing just this phoneme for another can change the meaning of a word. (minimal pairs: ex. /v/ vs /f/ vat vs fat [vaet vs faet] Allophones are phonetic variations of one underlying phoneme: ex. Coarticulation: when more than one articulator is active. /w/ is inherently coarticulation at the lips and velum. Always occurs between speech sounds spoken in sequence. Overlapping: if 2 stops occur next to each other, the closure for the second may occur before the first one has been released. Indicated with a curved tie bar above 2 articulated stops. Assimilation: occurs when a segment becomes more similar to an adjacent segment.
