HLTC17H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Social Constructionism

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ivorydog666

4 Jan 2019

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Lecture 3: the social construct of disability 19th september, 2018. Icf: it goes more on the definition of disability; it views the person a little more in terms of environment. It allows a person to see how a person is doing in terms of themselves and their social environment: the icf model: has activity in the middle too much focus on that on not the person. Upias definition of disability: the first one to take us to a social idea, there was a lot of focus on the physical aspects and not the emotional contribution. Individual models: focuses on disability a lot, a person with any impairment is disability. Social models: the social environment leads to the disability. Is icf and interactive model: it"s a bit flat, liner, its half and half, its wasn"t either or. So instead of having disability form the person it goes to the social factors, so this model was introduced:

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1. The Social Security Act, adopting in 1935, called for workers to make payroll tax payments, which were then pooled to pay retirement benefits to primary workers. Survivor benefits (paid to spouses and dependents of the primary worker) and disability benefits were added later, in 1939 and 1956, respectively. The first benefit payments were made in 1940, after the great depression in which many suffered due to lack of savings and bank failures. This was at a time many people still lived in rural parts of the country and had limited access to financial services that allowed for safe steady returns on savings. Now, financial services are readily available to anyone; it has never been easier to save for retirement. Since the social security system is based on having current worker pay payroll taxes to fund payments to retired workers, some have argued that the Social Security system is not sustainable given the unbalanced demographics, with far more retired people who are supposed to receive benefits than younger workers who are paying in.

a. In your opinion, has social security outlived its usefulness? That is, are some of the original justifications for the Social Security system still relevant or have conditions changes such that there is less of a social need for Social Security.

b. If, by the time you retire, social security benefits have been significantly reduced or eliminated completely, would you be bothered. Why? If you know that this is very likely now (at the start of your working career), does this bother you? Why? How might you behave differently?

2. In your own words, answer the following questions: What is a Managed Care Organization (MCO)? What is a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)? What are capitation payments? What are the incentives of an HMO in terms of providing low cost care? Are there any adverse incentives for an HMO to cut costs by cutting quality? How might these adverse incentives be mitigated?

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Materials fracture when the force per unit area, called STRESS,exceeds a critical value. In general, the critical stress dependson the direction as well as the magnitude of the force. Forexample, bones break differently when subjected to torsional(twisting) stress than when subjected to compressional (orsqueezing) stress. Let us consider compressional stress. Wet humanbone for 20-39 year olds has an ultimate compressive strength of ~16x104Ncm2 [8]. Consider a person who falls from a height to theground. Upon landing, the person's kinetic energy is converted towork. If the person decelerates over a distance h, we can estimatethe average force during the collision by

If a person lands stiff-legged on a hard surface and doesn'tbounce, the deceleration occurs over a very short distance, h ~ 1cm. Since the force is transmitted up the leg, the stress isgreatest where the cross-sectional area is least, i.e., the tibiajust above the ankle [8].
The following lists some different conditions that may occur duringlanding and physical explanations for why they make bone fracturefrom a fall more or less likely [8]:

(a) bounce [more likely. The impulse is twice as large for anelastic collision as for an inelastic collision.]
(b) bent knees [less likely. Bending the knees increases the timeand distance over which deceleration occurs, which reduces theforce.]
(c) landing in loose earth or sand [less likely. This increases hwhich reduces F.]
(d) turning the body to land on the side [less likely. Thisincreases h. It also distributes the force widely over the body(increases A), thereby reducing the stress.]

So, why can a properly executed karate kick break a concrete blockwithout fracturing bones [16]? First, bone is a very strongmaterial. Its ultimate compressive strength is approximately 40times larger than concrete. Second, contact is made with the edgeof the foot. This concentrates the force into a small area of thetarget and reduces the likelihood of bending a bone to the point offracture. Third, the collision with the target is essentiallyinelastic and extends over several milliseconds, so the peak force,though large, does not exceed the strength of the bone. If A(cross-sectional area of the tibia) ~ 3.3 cm2, compute how far a 69kg person can fall and land stiff-legged on both legs withoutbreaking a bone. Assume F is split evenly between two legs. (Hint:F<or =2(theta)A )

In 2005, the United States had a deficit of $318 billion and it has risen to $665 billion in 2017. To save this atrocious mess, the government must implement the known saying âto make money you have to earn money.â

According to Aaron, there is money being lost in the government because agencies arenât big enough to catch the issues. Government needs to hire more people to catch the small issues such as tax evasion, in 2015 over $500 billion in taxes were not collected. But, in 2014 the IRS lost 20% of their funding. With the job cuts, there are not enough people to catch those who are evading their taxes and more money is lost with each job that is cut. The same occurrence is happening in many other agencies such as in Medicare and job disability. The oversite is causing the deficit to grow and is snowballing to more jobs lost in the government and more oversites that is a vicious cycle. The same can be said from my final paper, the lack of eyes on the issue is causing the issue to grow. Many people think to cut spending as the solution, but that only leads to short term gain and to make back the money the government has spent longer term issues need to be put in place.

The U.S. does not have to eliminate social care options like Medicare, instead they need to focus on making Medicare more profitable and not a loss of millions due to oversite the workers donât have time to deal with. The ânot my jobâ mentality needs to stop in the government and it is time to put in effect long term solutions to help the economy.

Instead, the online deficit program, only created short term promises. Instead of putting in the work each president cuts money for the places that really need it and hurts the U.S. as a result.

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HLTC17H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Social Constructionism

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