.pf{position:relative;background-color:#fff;overflow:hidden;margin:0;border:0}.pc{position:absolute;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:hidden;display:block;transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-transform-origin:0 0}.bi{position:absolute;border:0;margin:0}.c{position:absolute;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden;display:block}.t{position:absolute;white-space:pre;font-size:1px;transform-origin:0 100%;-ms-transform-origin:0 100%;-webkit-transform-origin:0 100%;unicode-bidi:bidi-override;-moz-font-feature-settings:"liga" 0}.t:after{content:''}.t:before{content:'';display:inline-block}.t span{position:relative;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}._{display:inline-block;color:transparent;z-index:-1}.pi{display:none}@media screen{.pf{margin:13px auto;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px 1px #333;border-collapse:separate}}.ff1{font-family:ff1;line-height:.967773;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;visibility:visible}@font-face{font-family:ff2;src:url(data:application/font-woff;base64,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) format("woff")}.ff2{font-family:ff2;line-height:.67627;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;visibility:visible}.m0{transform:matrix(.320260,0,0,.320260,0,0);-ms-transform:matrix(.320260,0,0,.320260,0,0);-webkit-transform:matrix(.320260,0,0,.320260,0,0)}.ls1{letter-spacing:0}.ls0{letter-spacing:43.240618px}.sc0{text-shadow:-.015em 0 transparent,0 .015em transparent,.015em 0 transparent,0 -.015em transparent}@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0){.sc0{-webkit-text-stroke:.015em transparent;text-shadow:none}}.ws0{word-spacing:-15.230306px}.ws1{word-spacing:0}._5{margin-left:-8.071582px}._2{margin-left:-4.804513px}._4{margin-left:-2.258121px}._0{margin-left:-1.153083px}._3{width:1.008948px}._1{width:54.771449px}.fc0{color:#000}.fs0{font-size:48.045131px}.y20{bottom:-383.765923px}.y1f{bottom:-355.812959px}.y1e{bottom:-336.963943px}.y1d{bottom:-319.012498px}.y1c{bottom:-301.061054px}.y1b{bottom:-274.133887px}.y1a{bottom:-256.182443px}.y19{bottom:-229.255276px}.y18{bottom:-211.303832px}.y17{bottom:-184.376665px}.y16{bottom:-166.425221px}.y15{bottom:-139.498054px}.y14{bottom:-85.643721px}.y13{bottom:-58.716555px}.y12{bottom:-31.789388px}.y0{bottom:0}.y11{bottom:22.064945px}.y10{bottom:48.992112px}.yf{bottom:66.943556px}.ye{bottom:85.920797px}.yd{bottom:103.872242px}.yc{bottom:130.799408px}.yb{bottom:184.653741px}.ya{bottom:211.580908px}.y9{bottom:229.532352px}.y8{bottom:256.459519px}.y7{bottom:283.386685px}.y6{bottom:302.235702px}.y5{bottom:320.187146px}.y4{bottom:347.114313px}.y3{bottom:374.041480px}.y2{bottom:400.968646px}.y1{bottom:507.293741px}.h3{height:36.503039px}.h2{height:507.295022px}.h1{height:1014.58492px}.h0{height:1014.588763px}.w1{width:783.997438px}.w0{width:784px}.x0{left:0}.x1{left:115.162622px}.x2{left:138.243051px}.x3{left:161.323479px}.x4{left:184.403908px}.x5{left:207.484336px}

BIO331H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Shade Tolerance, Primary Succession, Secondary Succession

Canada

Ecology of Communities

Biology

Shannon Mc Cauley

University of Toronto Mississauga

Introductory Cell and Molecular Biology

Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Plant Ecology

Human Development

Introduction to Classical Mythology

The Environment

Introduction to Management Functions

Introduction to Personality

Cognitive Development

Language Acquisition

Abnormal Psychology: Adult Disorders

Introduction to Sociology

Women in Families

Chemical Principles 2

Introductory Animal Physiology

Introduction to Sikhism

BIOL1007 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Pioneer Species, Climax Community, Softwood

BIOL 2060 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Trophic Cascade, Intraspecific Competition, Apex Predator

BIO331H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Shade Tolerance, Primary Succession, Secondary Succession

Get access

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology

Biology: Science for Life with Physiology

Biology

Concepts of Biology

Essentials of Biology

Related Documents

BIOL1007 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Pioneer Species, Climax Community, Softwood

BIOL 2060 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Trophic Cascade, Intraspecific Competition, Apex Predator

Biology 2483A Lecture 16: "Change In Communities"