BIO203H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Light-Independent Reactions, Photosynthetic Efficiency, C3 Carbon Fixation

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15 Nov 2017

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What are the implications of the plants dependence on the c3/calvin cycle: dependence often limits plants in terms of water availability and temperature, fitness and productivity affected in many environments, reduced diversity in many populations. What is the first step of the calvin cycle: (c3 fixation, c from co2 is added to 5c rubp, yields 2x3c (3-phophogylcerate) molecules. 3)6 nadph are converted to nadp+ during the reduction steps. A g3p molecule contains 3 fixed carbon atoms, so two g3ps are needed to make a glucose molecule. It would take six turns of the cycle (6 co2, 18 atp, 12 nadph needed to produce one molecule of glucose. Why: most abundant protein on earth (~40%, because photosynthesis is so ubiquitous and vital, because rubisco is slow and has poor substrate specificity. Calvin cycle and 1 co2 with the help of an oxygenase (rubisco). When there is low oxygen and high carbon dioxide and forms a carboxylase reaction.

Related Questions

Review question its 1-12 sorry for the xtra questions in the bottom

1:2D chromatography is so named because ____

A: there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimension

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used

E: the process separates the molecules in two direction, first along the X and then along the Y axis

2: :Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ATP synthase

B: antenna complex

C: Chrolophyll B

D: carotenoids

E: chlorphyll A

3: When does A CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2?

A: daytime only

B: Summer day

C: winter day

D: nighttime only

E: anytime the calvin cycle is happening

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell ?
A; in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondial inner membrane

C: both thylakid and inner mitochondria membrane

D: only in the nucleus

E: embedded in the plasma membrane

5: chloroplast kept in the daek can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae

B: grana

C: granastomata?

D: stroma

11: n order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: ?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium

A: ?there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography process?

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimensions?

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used?

E: the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis?

2:Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ?ATP synthase

B: the antenna complex?

C: chlorophyll b?

D: carotenoids?

E: chlorophyll a

3: When does a CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2??

A: ?daytime only

B: summer only?

C: ?winter only

D: nighttime only?

?e: anytime the Calvin cycle is occurring

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell??

A: ?in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondrial inner membrane only?

C: both the thylakoid and inner mitochondrial membranes?

D: only in the nucleus?

E: ?embedded in the plasma membrane

5: Chloroplasts kept in the dark can continue to make sugar if provided with ____.

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP?

B: CO2 and ATP?

?c: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP?

E: water and ATP

6: Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A: thylakoid lumen?

B: cytosol?

C: stroma?

D: stromal lamellae

?e: thylakoid membrane

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants.?

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants.

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.?

D: Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light??

A:The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them.?

B: The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra violet and infrared).?

?c: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

?e: Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9; In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable??

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light?

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae?

B: grana?

C: stomata?

?D: stroma

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A:	?CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

?B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low.?

D:	RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2.?

e:	?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

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1. Readthe following statements carefully and indicate whether they aretrue (T) or false (F). (1 mark each)

a) TheCalvin cycle is named after the city of Calvin in Iowa, whereresearch on photosynthesis was done in 1948. ____
b) The potato is a storage root. ____
c) Krebs cycle occurs on the membrane of plant mitochondria.____
d) Lawn grass is a perennial plant species. ____
e) Rubisco is the most abundant molecule on Earth. ____
f) A high concentration of [K+] ions in guard cells causes stomatato open. ____
g) Cyclic electron flow in the light dependent reactions transferselectrons to the cytochrome complex and generates NADPH. ____
h) Lateral (secondary) growth cannot occur in monocot stems due tothe absence of a cambium layer. ____
i) The loss of electrons by a molecule means it is oxidized.____
j) A monoecious plant has male and female flowers on differentparts of the same plant. ____
k) Short-day plants require a minimum number of hours of completedarkness to flower. ____
l) In Krebs cycle, the conversion of glyceraldehyde phosphate to1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is accompanied by the production of
NADH. ____
m) It is possible to produce an entire plant from a single leafcell. ____
n) Substrate level phosphorylation and photophosphorylation bothproduce ATP in a similar fashion. ____
o) A plant with 8 sets of chromosomes in each cell is called anoctaplural. ____
p) Plant responses to environmental stress involve changes at boththe gene and protein level. ____

2. Fillin the blanks with a 1-2 word answer. (1 mark per blank)

a) Themost abundant polysaccharide in plant cells is __________ .
b) The most important cell type in plants which provides structuralsupport is ____ .
c) The term used to describe the development of a fruit withoutfertilization is ____.
d) The total yield of energy carrying molecules from glycolysis forone glucose molecule is _______ and ________ .
e) The specific reaction step in Krebs cycle where FAD is reducedto FADH2 involves the conversion of ________ to
___________ .
f) An example of a plant which must reproduce asexually is__________ .
g) During photosynthesis, the molecule which receives electronsfrom the cytochrome complex is called __________ .
h) Phloem consists of two cell types called _____________ and___________.
i) The tissue type found in the growing tips of shoots and roots iscalled _________ and the tissue type which provides aprotective
layer is called ____________ .
j) A reaction center of the light-harvesting complex inphotosynthesis consists of ______ and _________ .
k) A porphyrin ring is found in each molecule of _________.

5. For each term provided in the column A below, choose the mostappropriate matching term in column B. Indicate in the answer
column what that matching term is.
Note: Each term in column B must only be used once. (10 marks)

Column A Answercolumn Column B

ATP _____________ a)tracheids
CAM _____________ b)iron
Sucrose _____________ c)cristae
C3plant _____________ d)corn
Macronutrient _____________ e)cell elongation
Wood _____________ f)cucumber
C4plant _____________ g)calcium
Pits _____________ h)pineapple
Micronutrient _____________ i) phloem
Auxin _____________ j) xylem

14. (4m) What are the osmotic and ionic challenges faced byfreshwater fish and how do they overcome these challenges?

15. (5m) What are the sources of nitrogenous wastes inanimals?
Relate the three types of nitrogenous wastes to the respectivemodes of life of animals.

16. (7m) Describe and compare digestion in a gastrovascularcavity and in the vertebrate digestive system. What features makethe
vertebrate system more efficient?

17. (4m) Special adaptations of the nervous system result inthe

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BIO203H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Light-Independent Reactions, Photosynthetic Efficiency, C3 Carbon Fixation

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