BIO 1130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Binomial Nomenclature, Carl Linnaeus, Optical Fiber
1 Oct 2016
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Ages of sand, Four ages of sand: First: telescope 1608 patterns of sun cycles and astronomy, algebra and
trig (mathematics) Second: Microscopes 1678 for the first time we see living things smaller than the
eyes could see, Third: silicone computer chip 1961 you can calculate things faster than before and also
coding, Fourth: Fiber optics 1980s movement of the information form the third age of sand
Al-Dinawari, plants evolution and it's properties
Alhazen, set rules for the observation of the living world, create a hypothesis, then test the hypothesis.
Take the results compare it with the hypothesis then form a conclusion. Finally publish it
Al-Jahiz, (Byzantium and Islamic world) was a biologist in the golden ages of Islam as Europe suffers from
black plague. The Islamic scholars Al-Jahiz observations of animals predated evolution
Aristotle, he was looking at information and looking for a pattern. He created Ladder of Life, Man is the
best on his list. Horses and deers are next. Everyone that lays eggs. Everyone that has a shell. Plants and
the non living world. The ancient father of taxonomy was a student of this Greek philosopher.
Artificial Taxonomy, Linnaeus introduced clusters things with similarities he then goes and looks at the
living world and breaking them into groups (hierarchical classification)
Avicenna, medicine (philosophy)
Binomen, giving species the name (genus and species name make-up binomen), the genus and species
name are written in italic because of different language. Linnaeus's unique addition to the classification
was to give every living organism a name with two parts.
Binomial nomenclature: The scientific name, contains the genus and species. The genus is
always capitalized. The species is never capitalized. Always written in italics since it is in a
different language. The species is always an adjective of the organism.
Biogeography, a field of biology that deals with the distribution of plants and animals.
Chronological prediction, horoscope is this type of prediction
Classification, when you are trying to find order of pattern
Control: Used in an experiment to ensure no contamination
Cuvier (Georges): FATHER OF PALEONTOLOGY. Did research on comparative biology.
Proposed the catastrophic theory, the theory that the different layers of
sedimentation are from some sort of catastrophe. He also proposed that the earth
was only 70,000 years old.
Deduction, it works for the physical world and it's inclusive, general statement that the whole world
follows
Empirical observation, Make observations and put it into numbers. Have equations and
theorems to back up why that happened.
Essentialism, everything has an essence to it to make it what it is, or what makes it unique. Essentialism
states that things don't change species has always been the same. Is an organized chain created from
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the old testament. Essentialism is the explanation of the continuity of a species, one a horse is a horse
and not a cow
Extinction: the process of a species, or group of species becoming extinct (being killed
off)
Fact, Knowledge without a shadow of a doubt. Does not exist in science.
Folk Taxonomy, Type of taxonomy passed on information about the living world that was passed from
generation to generation by the world of mouth
Great Chain of Being, Scala Naturae. Set God at the top as the ultimate being
Harvey, Anatomy and physiology. Blood and circulatory system. Mainly human biology
Hierarchical system, The organization of the nested categories in Linnaeus's classification scheme
resulted in being referred to as this type of system
Hippocrates, Hippocratic corpus: he started writing out how he does medicine. He traveled and
collected how doctors were doing medicine. He puts in place what is the beginnings of human biology.
This Greek philosopher is considered the father of medicine because of his consolidation the world's
knowledge of human biology into one massive publication.
Historical narrative, narrative that explains observations, this was used for science
before experimentation and deductive reasoning.
Hypothesis, Hypothesis is basically an amuture theories, that can be used to conduct experiments and
work to further strengthen it
Ibn al_Baitar, pharmaceuticals
Induction, The type of reason used by the natural sciences works from the specific and tires to find
generalized patterns ( making certain observations of the world [thinking how the world works])
Industrial melanism, Where there is a prevalence of dark-colored varieties of animals
(emphasis on moths) in industrial areas where they are better camouflaged against
predators than the lighter colored animals.
Lamarck (Jean-Baptiste), proposed the idea of inheritance and acquired traits. ‘Use it or
lose it concept’. Environmentally induced changes that occurred slowly over
generations. He was the first to propose a comprehensive theory of evolution. Was
called the ‘perfecting principle’, which meant that the organisms adjusted to be
better suited for the environments. Simple organisms evolved into more complex
organisms. The amount of use of a body part is the deciding factor of the size
proportionately to the rest of the body. Ex. appendix in the human body vs
appendix in the rat. Changes that the organism acquires in it’s lifetime are passed
on from one generation to its offspring.
Law, a theory that’s been proven mathematically, or is universal. Universality
meaning that it is true on other planets, and everywhere in the universe.
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Document Summary
Alhazen, set rules for the observation of the living world, create a hypothesis, then test the hypothesis. Take the results compare it with the hypothesis then form a conclusion. Al-jahiz, (byzantium and islamic world) was a biologist in the golden ages of islam as europe suffers from black plague. The islamic scholars al-jahiz observations of animals predated evolution. Aristotle, he was looking at information and looking for a pattern. He created ladder of life, man is the best on his list. The ancient father of taxonomy was a student of this greek philosopher. Artificial taxonomy, linnaeus introduced clusters things with similarities he then goes and looks at the living world and breaking them into groups (hierarchical classification) Binomen, giving species the name (genus and species name make-up binomen), the genus and species name are written in italic because of different language. Linnaeus"s unique addition to the classification was to give every living organism a name with two parts.
