BIO 1130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 99: Hominidae, Spiralia, Basidium
28 Sep 2016
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Proterozoic Eon (2500-543 Ma)
Possible questions: the difference between protostomes and
deutrostomes
ganization:
Orientation of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes
Position of 9 microtubules surrounding two central ones
Differs from prokaryotic flagella which acts as micro motor
Alternation of generations:
Life cycle that switches between diploid and haploid life cycles
Haploid generation: Haploid spores undergo mitosis, making haploid gametophytes
Diploid generation: Gametophytes fertilizezygotesporophytemeiosis
Ameboid (Amoeboid) movement:
Type of protist locomotion where pseudopods use actin and myosin to move
ATP can change the density of protein solution to liquid or solid states
The solid ectoplasm makes the outer structure of the pseudopod for liquid endoplasm
channel to flow through causing movement
Asexual reproduction:
Process of self reproduction
No genetic variation occurs through this method
Single organism gives rise to another without any genetic input
Autotroph:
An organism that produces its own food from CO2, simple inorganics, and energy
The energy could come from the sun (photo), or from the oxidation of other organic
compounds (organo), or inorganic compounds (litho)
Bacteria (Eubacteria):
One of the three domains, from Linnaeus taxonomic hierarchy
The prokaryotic organisms are the one of the most metabolically diverse
All six troph option are possible
Bacteriophage:
A complex virus that infects bacterial, prokaryotic cells, not eukarya
Consists of protein capsid surrounding genome as well as characteristic tail and sheath
for bacterial cell wall penetration
These viruses are enveloped, meaning they have a phospholipid bilayer surrounding
Basal body:
Organelle from a centriole
Bikont:
A eukaryotic cell with two flagella
Thought to be the ancestor of all plants
Cellular division of labour:
Multicellular organisms have more than one cell and as a result can divide the labour
between the cells unlike unicellular organisms
Cellular gliding:
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Centriole:
A cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets of microtubules in the centrosomes of
most animal cells
Centrosomes:
A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to
the mitotic spindle
Chloroplast:
The site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Choanoflagellate:
The protozoans that resemble the choanocyte cells found in sponges
They have a collar of microvilli that surrounds a central flagellum
When the flagellum beats, food is trapped against the collar and consumed by
phagocytosis
Cilia:
Cellular hair like locomotory structures that consist of an extension of the plasma
membrane surrounding a 9 + 2 organization of microtubules. Unlike flagella, cilia are
shorter and more numerous on the cell surface
Cirrus (pl. cirri):
Slender filamentous structures
Fused cilia in protozoa
Attachment appendages in sessile echinoderms
Or a copulatory organ found in invertebrates
Contractile vacuole:
A vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction
Crossing over:
The recombination process in meiosis
Chromatids exchange segements
Cytoskeleton:
The interconnected system of protein fibres and tubes that extends throughout the
cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
Diploid:
An organism or cell with two copies of each type of chromosome in its nucleus
c:
Having a life cycle in which the main form, except the gametes is diploid
Dyenin molecular motor:
Dyenin is a molecular motor that converts the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical
energy for movement
Ectoplasm:
The outer cytoplasm of a cell or protozoan that has no organelles, usually less fluid than
the inner endoplasm
Endomembrane system:
In Eukaryotes, a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into
functional and structural compartments
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Endoplasm:
The inner cytoplasm of a cell or protozoan that has organelles and is usually more fluid
that the outer ectoplasm
Endosymbiosis:
A symbiotic association in which one symbiont or partner lives inside the other
Eukarya:
The domain that includes all eukaryotes
Organisms that contain membrane bound nucleus within each of their cells, all protists,
fungi and animals
Flagellum:
A long threadlike, cellular appendage
Responsible for movement
Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Different structures and modes of locomotion
Formylmethione:
A specialized amino acid that is the very first one incorporated into the polypeptide chain
in the synthesis of proteins in Prokaryotes
Gametocyte:
Eukaryotic germ cell
Divides by meiosis to form gametes
Gametophyte:
An individual of the haploid generation
Produced when a spore germinates and grows directly by mitotic divisions in organisms
that undergo alternation of generations
Haploid:
A type of cell or organism that only has one copy of each chromosome
Haplontic:
Having a life cycle in which the main form, except the gametes is haploid
Heterotroph:
An organism that acquires energy and nutrients by eating other organisms or their
remains
Histone proteins:
A small positive charges (basic) protein that is complexed with DNA in the chromosomes
of eukaryotes
Host:
A species that is fed upon by a parasite
Kynesin molecular motor:
Found in eukaryotic cells
Motor protein that moves along microtubule filaments
This supports several cellular functions such as mitosis and meiosis
Macronucleus:
One of the two types of dimorphic nuclei found in ciliate protozoans
The macronucleus contains multiple copies of the genome
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BIO 1130 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Possible questions: the difference between protostomes and deutrostomes ganization: Orientation of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes. Position of 9 microtubules surrounding two central ones. Differs from prokaryotic flagella which acts as micro motor. Life cycle that switches between diploid and haploid life cycles. Haploid generation: haploid spores undergo mitosis, making haploid gametophytes. Type of protist locomotion where pseudopods use actin and myosin to move. Atp can change the density of protein solution to liquid or solid states. The solid ectoplasm makes the outer structure of the pseudopod for liquid endoplasm channel to flow through causing movement. No genetic variation occurs through this method. Single organism gives rise to another without any genetic input. An organism that produces its own food from co2, simple inorganics, and energy. The energy could come from the sun (photo), or from the oxidation of other organic compounds (organo), or inorganic compounds (litho) One of the three domains, from linnaeus taxonomic hierarchy.
