AHSS 1140 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Quasi, Canada Day, Liquor Control Board Of Ontario
14 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Structure of Bureaucracy and Departments
4 basics of organizational form:
Government Departments (the biggest)
1.
Crown Corporations
2.
Regulatory Agencies
3.
Central Agencies
4.
They provide services, programs and policies. These departments are basically an
institutional memory, they act as liaisons and communication tools.
•
Types of Departments
Service and Support Departments
Service-direct service like healthcare, taxation, etc to us as citizens.
→
Support departments-don’t support citizens with direct service (ex.
department of finance) are support departments for other departments, not
us.
→
All departments are set by cabinet ministers, every department must have a
cabinet minister. Actual day to day management is handled by deputy minister-
actually a public servant. Deputy minister reports to cabinet minister who
reports to PM.
→
•
Horizontal Policy Coordinative –most influential of all departments.
Ex. 4 Central agencies: PM Office , PCO, DOF , TB
→
•
Horizontal Administrative –least influential-provide no policy initiatives, provide
more of an administrative function.
Department of public works-no direct policies to the public-changing of
sewage systems, roadwork. Not a functional role.
→
•
Vertical Departments -Health, Justice, CIC (IRCC) They provide direct services
(justice, immigration, health)
•
Departments
Operating Departments –an administrative unit comprising of one or more
organizational components over which a minister has direct ministerial management
control.
Line of accountability-each administrative function has to fall under a
department.
→
•
Basic Structure of Department
You start from Cabinet minister (they make sure department runs smoothly) minister
has to take responsibly for accountability.
▪
Deputy minister is responsible for day to day
▪
Managers/officials manage the smaller staff under a certain region.
▪
There is a hierarchy, you normally get a job in the bottom and slowly make your way
up.
▪
The Legislature and Government Departments
New Departments are created by an Act of Parliament
Not created very often, all departments are created by an act of Parliament
which has to be approved by parliament.
→
•
Legislation sets out the responsibilities of the department
Has to be very specific on what has to be done.
→
•
Individual Ministerial Responsibility
Concept that is a part of responsible government
→
•
RATIONALE FOR CROWN CORPORATIONS
Nation building
Want to build the nation, some things need to be under governmental control
to preserve Canadian culture (Ex. CBC). If we allow tv/radio to do what they
want-then we will always reply on American culture
→
•
Economic protection
Essential services need to be affordable (transportation-trains, airlines).
→
•
Principle of public ownership –natural monopolies
The principle of owning something (essential services such as
healthcare/policing-people take advantage of it. It is better for things to
remain public before they are too hard to access.
→
•
Nationalist argument
Once things get privatized-we have to pay more money.
→
•
Political ideologies
Today they don’t really exist but become nationalized, the bank of Canada was
one of the first ones that still exist today. Their assets are very diverse, they
own a lot of shares which are either divided by private sector or government.
Ex. its good to have crown corporations to develop relations w private sector.
→
•
Develop relations with private sector
Set an example
→
By contract
→
By market action
→
•
Great way for government to develop relations w private sector. They still have to be
accountable to minister. But the board of directors are the ones accountable to the
minister in crown corporation.
→
Ex. LCBO.
→
Advantages over departments
Crown corporations have more advantages than departments. They have to
follow a certain kind of structure, they can manage their own financing.
→
Because of Amazon-Canada post is doing very well, once amazon find a
different way to transport-Canada post will no longer do well.
→
•
Federal-provincial relations
Communication between provincial and federal government, communication
tool for service delivery.
→
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
MIXED ENTERPRISE
Shares are partly owned by government through minister
-
Remaining shares owned by private sector entity(ies)
-
None currently exist
Petro Canada prior to full privatization in 2004
→
-
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
JOINT ENTERPRISE
Shares partly owned by government through minister
-
Remaining shares owned by another level of government
-
Only 2 in existence in 2015
Lower Churchill Development Corp.
→
Northern Portage Development Corp.
→
-
•
SHARED GOVERNANCE CORPORATIONS
No share capital for government
-
But government, directly or through crown corp, has the right to appoint or
nominate one or members to governing board
-
83 such entities in 2015
Agricultural Adaptation Council
→
Canada Games Council
→
Canadian Sports Institute
→
-
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Corporate entities created pursuant to international agreements
-
Can either appoint board members or own shares
-
15 such entities in 2015
IMF -international bank that lends money to developing countries (issue
because many depts are forgiven and this is too much money being lost).
Unable to pay back the dept.
→
World Anti-Doping Agency -looking out for people who take steroids
during Olympic games.
→
North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation
→
-
•
PRIVATIZATION OF THE LCBO (CROWN CORPORATION)
IN FAVOUR
Government monopolies = high prices, less choice, less convenience
-
More government revenues
-
•
AGAINST
‘Social costs’
Alcohol-induced crimes would increase
→
Underage drinking
→
-
Public sector unions
Job losses
→
Salary cuts
→
-
Loss of government revenue
-
•
CENTRAL AGENCIES
Specific agencies that use specific jobs
-
Increased in power under Trudeau (1968)
Mistrust of advice from operating departments -lack of trust and
centralization.
→
Advocate of ‘rational management’ –competing source of advice/information
→
-
Increased size and strength of agencies –PMO and PCO in particular –continued
under Mulroney
-
Generally agreement that 4 organizations are central agencies –
-
Prime Minister Office-
most partisan of all, they serve the PM and the PM ALONE. Provides PM with
advice.
→
Their job is to tell the PM what to do or what not to do.
→
Provides political support that is beyond what public servants can do (basically
his best friends).
→
The PMO provides perspectives that are beyond what the parliament can do,
they do research and use that finding to tell the PM.
→
Provide media and liaison support, would paint a better picture of him.
→
Some answer emails, search for candidates so PM can nominate/reference
them.
→
1.
PCO2.
Non partisan, headed by the Clark of the Pretty Counsel (one of the highest public
servants in Canada).
-
Specific roles-provide PM not partisan advice.
-
Provide information and research, very highly qualified public servants.
-
Impressive research capabilities-coordinate PM with departments and cabinet
ministers.
-
Have extensive advice that they give to everyone associated with PM. Staff of about
500 ppl.
-
They do the exact work as PMO but with better research and non-partisan.
-
Treachery Board Secretariat3.
The treachery board is a constitutional committee.
-
The treachery board secretariat is a unit that assists the treachery board.
-
Treachery board is in charge of human resource and expenditures.
-
TBS is under the TB.
-
&Finance
Most politically sensitive
-
Created in 1967
-
Main preoccupation analyzing taxation policy, dealing with governmental finance,
development, taxation policy.
-
Everything has to go through department of finance-policies, etc. (everything to do
with public taxation money)
-
Departments count on the department of finance to get approval from finance-to
know which departments are doing well.
-
Regulatory Agencies4.
Produces regulations rather than goods and services
-
3 types-economic, social and environmental
-
Decisions carry force of law
-
Quasi legislative bodies
-
Investigative powers
-
Most agencies are subject to ministerial directives
-
Ex. CRTC, National Parole Board, Canadian Pension Commission.
-
They have investigative power (do a lot of research) which is transferred to
regulations and rules.
-
Immigration in Canada
History of Immigration Policies
1869 Immigration Act-safety of immigrants
Purpose was to ensure the safety of the passengers that were coming into
Canada (in ships)
→
The captain of the ships were responsible for safe passage of new immigrants,
had to write out list, made sure they paid, had proper health records.
→
Canadian gov't didn’t want anyone that was sick or suffered from any kind of
illness-blind, deaf etc…
→
Included people who were able bodied-physical strength, not sick, had ties in
Canada had advantages and could come in easily.
→
People who needed extra care were denied passage into Canada.
→
•
The Chinese Immigration Acts (1885, 1900, 1903) –head tax
Huge project, the trans Canadian railway.
→
PM MacDonald wanted this railway to be built ASAP, around 1880 a lot of
Chinese men were immigrating into Canada in BC, this was okay because he
needed labours so he contracted them until the railway was done.
→
•
Any Chinese person who came into Canada had to pay $50.001885-
Head tax amount increased to $100.00 per Chinese person 1990-
Head tax amount increased t0 $500.00 per Chinese person
Meant to decrease the amount of Chinese people coming into Canada
→
1903-
The Immigration Act ( 1906)
They made it even more difficult for people to come in.
→
The list of prohibited class increased-no Chinese unless they paid, people who
suffered from severe illness, prostitutes, no one who suffered from epilepsy or
gay people, ppl with mental health issues. This list increased even more in
1910 when they prohibited certain people from certain religions (Jews, Gipsy's
etc.) considered to be bad influences.
→
•
The 1923 Chinese Immigration Act -Chinese Exclusion Act
Between 1906-1923, there were so many acts.
→
By 1923 decided that there were way too many people with the head tax.
→
Came up with Chinese Exclusion Act-no one was allowed no matter how much
they paid
→
Only included diplomats, or if their child was born here, but could not become
a permanent residence yourself-had to take child back to China.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1910) –permanent residence
Established permanent residency-could stay as long as you wanted to achieve
residency.
→
•
The Continuous Journey Act –Sikhs/ Indians nationals
In the 1900s the only way to come was by ship, for the Indians they decided to
come up with this legislation that meant that if they were to take a ship from
India-they had to make a non-stop trip which is basically impossible.
→
Its too far, basically an act that allowed Indians to come to Canada if they
made a continuous journey without stopping anywhere.
→
To take a continuous journey is almost impossible but this was the law which
caused a lot of deaths.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1952)
Allowed people to come in under the discretion of the board officer
→
Act that introduced Canadian citizenship, before this Canadians were subjected
to British citizenship.
→
Introduced Canadian citizenship.1952-
Gave them the choice to allow who could come into Canada, ridiculed who was
allowed citizenship (Ex. the reason that coloured people could not adapt to
cold weather).
→
•
“The Immigration Act (1967) –introduced point system
People were made in-eligible ( did not meet criteria/requirements)
→
Needed to participate in the point system (points for speaking English, higher
education, ability to find a job).
→
The point system has been re-developed many times since then.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1978/ 1976) –point and category system
Could put yourself in 1 in 4 different categories.
→
Now we have something like 7/8 different categories.
→
They created 4 classes of immigrants that could come into Canada
→
Refugees 1.
Families 2.
Assistant relatives 3.
Independents-come in as skilled immigrant (some kind of skill to contribute,
especially in the skill of trade)
4.
•
Bill C-86 –New Amendments for Refugees -1) sponsored by the government/private,
or an independent/private –seek asylum
Can apply for refugee camps-benefits for a year
→
Or a private individual can sponsor refugees
→
Very financially consuming but it is a great way for more refugees to come in
since the gov't is running out of money to help those people.
→
They can say that they want to seek asylum because they are scared to be
prosecuted if they go back. They have to prove that the country of their origin
will not take them back, and will get in trouble if they do.
→
•
2002 Immigration and Refugees Act
Some significant changes that still affect us today
→
----
→
•
Key Features of the 1976 Immigration Act
It set clear objectives for Canada’s immigration policy –quota principle (every
year the department of immigration would come up with a quota of how many
immigrants we needed in this country for certain jobs).
→
It created four distinct categories of immigrants –independent, humanitarian,
assisted relative and international adoption
→
It formally separated refugees from other immigrants
→
When discussing selection criteria, it replaced the term “prohibited” with
“inadmissible
→
It committed the federal government to developing an annual plan for
immigration policy
→
It allowed the federal government to enter into agreements with individual
provinces
→
It required the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to table an annual
report on the government’s immigration plan in Parliament
→
•
_____________________________________________________________________
2002 Immigration and Refugee Protections Act
KEY FACTORS
Post 911 Situation
→
The Need for more skilled workers
→
Refugee status
→
KEY CHANGES
Streamlined Immigration Process
Inadmissible foreign nationals cannot appeal process
→
Permanent Resident Card
→
Security Certificates –without warrants,
→
Temporary Resident Permits –
→
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/eligibility.asp
→
-
Broadened Criteria for Selecting Immigrants
More emphasis on Skilled Workers class than the other categories.
→
Changed the point system of skilled class immigrants.
→
Clarifies residency requirements
→
Expands the definition of “dependents”
→
Clarifies rights of permanent residence vs. foreign nationals
→
New Citizenship Act 2014 : http://citizenshipcounts.ca/citizenship-act-changes
-
Refugees
The Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program,
•
The In-Canada Asylum Program
•
Private Sponsors
•
Blended Visa
•
Resettlement Assistance Program ( RAP) –One year financial assistance and
immediate and essential service
•
Citizenship and Immigration Canada
IRCC -Refugees
-
RESPONSIBILITIES
•
Immigration
Developing policies
-
setting annual immigration levels –quota
-
Resettling new immigrants
-
removing immigrants who have lost their status
-
•
Citizenship
Developing criteria for Canadian citizenship
-
Granting citizenship to new Canadians (test and oath)
-
Providing physical proof of citizenship (Citizenship Certificate)
-
Promoting importance of being a citizen ( E.g. National Citizenship Week)
-
•
Benefits of Immigration Policies
Immigration helps compensate for Canada’s declining birthrate
•
Immigration helps compensate for the impact of Canada’s aging population on the
workforce
•
Immigration can help Canada deal reasonably quickly with shortages of skilled labor
in specific areas.
•
Having a wide diversity of people from many different parts of the world contributes
to Canadian culture and society.
•
Mock Citizenship Test
What is a major river in Quebec?
•
a) Fraser River
b) St. Lawrence River
c) Niagara
d) Hudson's Bay.
Who do Members of Parliament represent?
•
a) People living in the city in which he/she was elected.
b) All of the Canadians living in his/her province.
C) Everyone who lives in his or her electoral district.
D) Only Canadians living in Central Canada.
When is Canada Day?
•
a)July 1st every year
b) The second Monday of July.
c) September 6th of each year.
d) The third Monday of May.
Who is Canada's Head of State?
•
a) A hereditary Sovereign (Queen or King).
b) Prime Minister
c) Members of parliament
d) Governor General of Canada.
W10/11 Structure of Bureaucracy & Departments
Wednesday,* March*28,*2018
7:44*AM
Structure of Bureaucracy and Departments
4 basics of organizational form:
Government Departments (the biggest)1.
Crown Corporations2.
Regulatory Agencies3.
Central Agencies 4.
They provide services, programs and policies. These departments are basically an
institutional memory, they act as liaisons and communication tools.
•
Types of Departments
Service and Support Departments
Service-direct service like healthcare, taxation, etc to us as citizens.
→
Support departments-don’t support citizens with direct service (ex.
department of finance) are support departments for other departments, not
us.
→
All departments are set by cabinet ministers, every department must have a
cabinet minister. Actual day to day management is handled by deputy minister-
actually a public servant. Deputy minister reports to cabinet minister who
reports to PM.
→
•
Horizontal Policy Coordinative –most influential of all departments.
Ex. 4 Central agencies: PM Office , PCO, DOF , TB
→
•
Horizontal Administrative –least influential-provide no policy initiatives, provide
more of an administrative function.
Department of public works-no direct policies to the public-changing of
sewage systems, roadwork. Not a functional role.
→
•
Vertical Departments -Health, Justice, CIC (IRCC) They provide direct services
(justice, immigration, health)
•
Departments
Operating Departments –an administrative unit comprising of one or more
organizational components over which a minister has direct ministerial management
control.
Line of accountability-each administrative function has to fall under a
department.
→
•
Basic Structure of Department
You start from Cabinet minister (they make sure department runs smoothly) minister
has to take responsibly for accountability.
▪
Deputy minister is responsible for day to day
▪
Managers/officials manage the smaller staff under a certain region.
▪
There is a hierarchy, you normally get a job in the bottom and slowly make your way
up.
▪
The Legislature and Government Departments
New Departments are created by an Act of Parliament
Not created very often, all departments are created by an act of Parliament
which has to be approved by parliament.
→
•
Legislation sets out the responsibilities of the department
Has to be very specific on what has to be done.
→
•
Individual Ministerial Responsibility
Concept that is a part of responsible government
→
•
RATIONALE FOR CROWN CORPORATIONS
Nation building
Want to build the nation, some things need to be under governmental control
to preserve Canadian culture (Ex. CBC). If we allow tv/radio to do what they
want-then we will always reply on American culture
→
•
Economic protection
Essential services need to be affordable (transportation-trains, airlines).
→
•
Principle of public ownership –natural monopolies
The principle of owning something (essential services such as
healthcare/policing-people take advantage of it. It is better for things to
remain public before they are too hard to access.
→
•
Nationalist argument
Once things get privatized-we have to pay more money.
→
•
Political ideologies
Today they don’t really exist but become nationalized, the bank of Canada was
one of the first ones that still exist today. Their assets are very diverse, they
own a lot of shares which are either divided by private sector or government.
Ex. its good to have crown corporations to develop relations w private sector.
→
•
Develop relations with private sector
Set an example
→
By contract
→
By market action
→
•
Great way for government to develop relations w private sector. They still have to be
accountable to minister. But the board of directors are the ones accountable to the
minister in crown corporation.
→
Ex. LCBO.
→
Advantages over departments
Crown corporations have more advantages than departments. They have to
follow a certain kind of structure, they can manage their own financing.
→
Because of Amazon-Canada post is doing very well, once amazon find a
different way to transport-Canada post will no longer do well.
→
•
Federal-provincial relations
Communication between provincial and federal government, communication
tool for service delivery.
→
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
MIXED ENTERPRISE
Shares are partly owned by government through minister
-
Remaining shares owned by private sector entity(ies)
-
None currently exist
Petro Canada prior to full privatization in 2004
→
-
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
JOINT ENTERPRISE
Shares partly owned by government through minister
-
Remaining shares owned by another level of government
-
Only 2 in existence in 2015
Lower Churchill Development Corp.
→
Northern Portage Development Corp.
→
-
•
SHARED GOVERNANCE CORPORATIONS
No share capital for government
-
But government, directly or through crown corp, has the right to appoint or
nominate one or members to governing board
-
83 such entities in 2015
Agricultural Adaptation Council
→
Canada Games Council
→
Canadian Sports Institute
→
-
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Corporate entities created pursuant to international agreements
-
Can either appoint board members or own shares
-
15 such entities in 2015
IMF -international bank that lends money to developing countries (issue
because many depts are forgiven and this is too much money being lost).
Unable to pay back the dept.
→
World Anti-Doping Agency -looking out for people who take steroids
during Olympic games.
→
North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation
→
-
•
PRIVATIZATION OF THE LCBO (CROWN CORPORATION)
IN FAVOUR
Government monopolies = high prices, less choice, less convenience
-
More government revenues
-
•
AGAINST
‘Social costs’
Alcohol-induced crimes would increase
→
Underage drinking
→
-
Public sector unions
Job losses
→
Salary cuts
→
-
Loss of government revenue
-
•
CENTRAL AGENCIES
Specific agencies that use specific jobs
-
Increased in power under Trudeau (1968)
Mistrust of advice from operating departments -lack of trust and
centralization.
→
Advocate of ‘rational management’ –competing source of advice/information
→
-
Increased size and strength of agencies –PMO and PCO in particular –continued
under Mulroney
-
Generally agreement that 4 organizations are central agencies –
-
Prime Minister Office-
most partisan of all, they serve the PM and the PM ALONE. Provides PM with
advice.
→
Their job is to tell the PM what to do or what not to do.
→
Provides political support that is beyond what public servants can do (basically
his best friends).
→
The PMO provides perspectives that are beyond what the parliament can do,
they do research and use that finding to tell the PM.
→
Provide media and liaison support, would paint a better picture of him.
→
Some answer emails, search for candidates so PM can nominate/reference
them.
→
1.
PCO2.
Non partisan, headed by the Clark of the Pretty Counsel (one of the highest public
servants in Canada).
-
Specific roles-provide PM not partisan advice.
-
Provide information and research, very highly qualified public servants.
-
Impressive research capabilities-coordinate PM with departments and cabinet
ministers.
-
Have extensive advice that they give to everyone associated with PM. Staff of about
500 ppl.
-
They do the exact work as PMO but with better research and non-partisan.
-
Treachery Board Secretariat3.
The treachery board is a constitutional committee.
-
The treachery board secretariat is a unit that assists the treachery board.
-
Treachery board is in charge of human resource and expenditures.
-
TBS is under the TB.
-
&Finance
Most politically sensitive
-
Created in 1967
-
Main preoccupation analyzing taxation policy, dealing with governmental finance,
development, taxation policy.
-
Everything has to go through department of finance-policies, etc. (everything to do
with public taxation money)
-
Departments count on the department of finance to get approval from finance-to
know which departments are doing well.
-
Regulatory Agencies4.
Produces regulations rather than goods and services
-
3 types-economic, social and environmental
-
Decisions carry force of law
-
Quasi legislative bodies
-
Investigative powers
-
Most agencies are subject to ministerial directives
-
Ex. CRTC, National Parole Board, Canadian Pension Commission.
-
They have investigative power (do a lot of research) which is transferred to
regulations and rules.
-
Immigration in Canada
History of Immigration Policies
1869 Immigration Act-safety of immigrants
Purpose was to ensure the safety of the passengers that were coming into
Canada (in ships)
→
The captain of the ships were responsible for safe passage of new immigrants,
had to write out list, made sure they paid, had proper health records.
→
Canadian gov't didn’t want anyone that was sick or suffered from any kind of
illness-blind, deaf etc…
→
Included people who were able bodied-physical strength, not sick, had ties in
Canada had advantages and could come in easily.
→
People who needed extra care were denied passage into Canada.
→
•
The Chinese Immigration Acts (1885, 1900, 1903) –head tax
Huge project, the trans Canadian railway.
→
PM MacDonald wanted this railway to be built ASAP, around 1880 a lot of
Chinese men were immigrating into Canada in BC, this was okay because he
needed labours so he contracted them until the railway was done.
→
•
Any Chinese person who came into Canada had to pay $50.001885-
Head tax amount increased to $100.00 per Chinese person 1990-
Head tax amount increased t0 $500.00 per Chinese person
Meant to decrease the amount of Chinese people coming into Canada
→
1903-
The Immigration Act ( 1906)
They made it even more difficult for people to come in.
→
The list of prohibited class increased-no Chinese unless they paid, people who
suffered from severe illness, prostitutes, no one who suffered from epilepsy or
gay people, ppl with mental health issues. This list increased even more in
1910 when they prohibited certain people from certain religions (Jews, Gipsy's
etc.) considered to be bad influences.
→
•
The 1923 Chinese Immigration Act -Chinese Exclusion Act
Between 1906-1923, there were so many acts.
→
By 1923 decided that there were way too many people with the head tax.
→
Came up with Chinese Exclusion Act-no one was allowed no matter how much
they paid
→
Only included diplomats, or if their child was born here, but could not become
a permanent residence yourself-had to take child back to China.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1910) –permanent residence
Established permanent residency-could stay as long as you wanted to achieve
residency.
→
•
The Continuous Journey Act –Sikhs/ Indians nationals
In the 1900s the only way to come was by ship, for the Indians they decided to
come up with this legislation that meant that if they were to take a ship from
India-they had to make a non-stop trip which is basically impossible.
→
Its too far, basically an act that allowed Indians to come to Canada if they
made a continuous journey without stopping anywhere.
→
To take a continuous journey is almost impossible but this was the law which
caused a lot of deaths.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1952)
Allowed people to come in under the discretion of the board officer
→
Act that introduced Canadian citizenship, before this Canadians were subjected
to British citizenship.
→
Introduced Canadian citizenship.1952-
Gave them the choice to allow who could come into Canada, ridiculed who was
allowed citizenship (Ex. the reason that coloured people could not adapt to
cold weather).
→
•
“The Immigration Act (1967) –introduced point system
People were made in-eligible ( did not meet criteria/requirements)
→
Needed to participate in the point system (points for speaking English, higher
education, ability to find a job).
→
The point system has been re-developed many times since then.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1978/ 1976) –point and category system
Could put yourself in 1 in 4 different categories.
→
Now we have something like 7/8 different categories.
→
They created 4 classes of immigrants that could come into Canada
→
Refugees 1.
Families 2.
Assistant relatives 3.
Independents-come in as skilled immigrant (some kind of skill to contribute,
especially in the skill of trade)
4.
•
Bill C-86 –New Amendments for Refugees -1) sponsored by the government/private,
or an independent/private –seek asylum
Can apply for refugee camps-benefits for a year
→
Or a private individual can sponsor refugees
→
Very financially consuming but it is a great way for more refugees to come in
since the gov't is running out of money to help those people.
→
They can say that they want to seek asylum because they are scared to be
prosecuted if they go back. They have to prove that the country of their origin
will not take them back, and will get in trouble if they do.
→
•
2002 Immigration and Refugees Act
Some significant changes that still affect us today
→
----
→
•
Key Features of the 1976 Immigration Act
It set clear objectives for Canada’s immigration policy –quota principle (every
year the department of immigration would come up with a quota of how many
immigrants we needed in this country for certain jobs).
→
It created four distinct categories of immigrants –independent, humanitarian,
assisted relative and international adoption
→
It formally separated refugees from other immigrants
→
When discussing selection criteria, it replaced the term “prohibited” with
“inadmissible
→
It committed the federal government to developing an annual plan for
immigration policy
→
It allowed the federal government to enter into agreements with individual
provinces
→
It required the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to table an annual
report on the government’s immigration plan in Parliament
→
•
_____________________________________________________________________
2002 Immigration and Refugee Protections Act
KEY FACTORS
Post 911 Situation
→
The Need for more skilled workers
→
Refugee status
→
KEY CHANGES
Streamlined Immigration Process
Inadmissible foreign nationals cannot appeal process
→
Permanent Resident Card
→
Security Certificates –without warrants,
→
Temporary Resident Permits –
→
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/eligibility.asp
→
-
Broadened Criteria for Selecting Immigrants
More emphasis on Skilled Workers class than the other categories.
→
Changed the point system of skilled class immigrants.
→
Clarifies residency requirements
→
Expands the definition of “dependents”
→
Clarifies rights of permanent residence vs. foreign nationals
→
New Citizenship Act 2014 : http://citizenshipcounts.ca/citizenship-act-changes
-
Refugees
The Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program,
•
The In-Canada Asylum Program
•
Private Sponsors
•
Blended Visa
•
Resettlement Assistance Program ( RAP) –One year financial assistance and
immediate and essential service
•
Citizenship and Immigration Canada
IRCC -Refugees
-
RESPONSIBILITIES
•
Immigration
Developing policies
-
setting annual immigration levels –quota
-
Resettling new immigrants
-
removing immigrants who have lost their status
-
•
Citizenship
Developing criteria for Canadian citizenship
-
Granting citizenship to new Canadians (test and oath)
-
Providing physical proof of citizenship (Citizenship Certificate)
-
Promoting importance of being a citizen ( E.g. National Citizenship Week)
-
•
Benefits of Immigration Policies
Immigration helps compensate for Canada’s declining birthrate
•
Immigration helps compensate for the impact of Canada’s aging population on the
workforce
•
Immigration can help Canada deal reasonably quickly with shortages of skilled labor
in specific areas.
•
Having a wide diversity of people from many different parts of the world contributes
to Canadian culture and society.
•
Mock Citizenship Test
What is a major river in Quebec?
•
a) Fraser River
b) St. Lawrence River
c) Niagara
d) Hudson's Bay.
Who do Members of Parliament represent?
•
a) People living in the city in which he/she was elected.
b) All of the Canadians living in his/her province.
C) Everyone who lives in his or her electoral district.
D) Only Canadians living in Central Canada.
When is Canada Day?
•
a)July 1st every year
b) The second Monday of July.
c) September 6th of each year.
d) The third Monday of May.
Who is Canada's Head of State?
•
a) A hereditary Sovereign (Queen or King).
b) Prime Minister
c) Members of parliament
d) Governor General of Canada.
W10/11 Structure of Bureaucracy & Departments
Wednesday,* March*28,*2018 7:44*AM
Structure of Bureaucracy and Departments
4 basics of organizational form:
Government Departments (the biggest)1.
Crown Corporations2.
Regulatory Agencies3.
Central Agencies 4.
They provide services, programs and policies. These departments are basically an
institutional memory, they act as liaisons and communication tools.
•
Types of Departments
Service and Support Departments
Service-direct service like healthcare, taxation, etc to us as citizens.
→
Support departments-don’t support citizens with direct service (ex.
department of finance) are support departments for other departments, not
us.
→
All departments are set by cabinet ministers, every department must have a
cabinet minister. Actual day to day management is handled by deputy minister-
actually a public servant. Deputy minister reports to cabinet minister who
reports to PM.
→
•
Horizontal Policy Coordinative –most influential of all departments.
Ex. 4 Central agencies: PM Office , PCO, DOF , TB
→
•
Horizontal Administrative –least influential-provide no policy initiatives, provide
more of an administrative function.
Department of public works-no direct policies to the public-changing of
sewage systems, roadwork. Not a functional role.
→
•
Vertical Departments -Health, Justice, CIC (IRCC) They provide direct services
(justice, immigration, health)
•
Departments
Operating Departments –an administrative unit comprising of one or more
organizational components over which a minister has direct ministerial management
control.
Line of accountability-each administrative function has to fall under a
department.
→
•
Basic Structure of Department
You start from Cabinet minister (they make sure department runs smoothly) minister
has to take responsibly for accountability.
▪
Deputy minister is responsible for day to day
▪
Managers/officials manage the smaller staff under a certain region.
▪
There is a hierarchy, you normally get a job in the bottom and slowly make your way
up.
▪
The Legislature and Government Departments
New Departments are created by an Act of Parliament
Not created very often, all departments are created by an act of Parliament
which has to be approved by parliament.
→
•
Legislation sets out the responsibilities of the department
Has to be very specific on what has to be done.
→
•
Individual Ministerial Responsibility
Concept that is a part of responsible government
→
•
RATIONALE FOR CROWN CORPORATIONS
Nation building
Want to build the nation, some things need to be under governmental control
to preserve Canadian culture (Ex. CBC). If we allow tv/radio to do what they
want-then we will always reply on American culture
→
•
Economic protection
Essential services need to be affordable (transportation-trains, airlines).
→
•
Principle of public ownership –natural monopolies
The principle of owning something (essential services such as
healthcare/policing-people take advantage of it. It is better for things to
remain public before they are too hard to access.
→
•
Nationalist argument
Once things get privatized-we have to pay more money.
→
•
Political ideologies
Today they don’t really exist but become nationalized, the bank of Canada was
one of the first ones that still exist today. Their assets are very diverse, they
own a lot of shares which are either divided by private sector or government.
Ex. its good to have crown corporations to develop relations w private sector.
→
•
Develop relations with private sector
Set an example
→
By contract
→
By market action
→
•
Great way for government to develop relations w private sector. They still have to be
accountable to minister. But the board of directors are the ones accountable to the
minister in crown corporation.
→
Ex. LCBO.
→
Advantages over departments
Crown corporations have more advantages than departments. They have to
follow a certain kind of structure, they can manage their own financing.
→
Because of Amazon-Canada post is doing very well, once amazon find a
different way to transport-Canada post will no longer do well.
→
•
Federal-provincial relations
Communication between provincial and federal government, communication
tool for service delivery.
→
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
MIXED ENTERPRISE
Shares are partly owned by government through minister
-
Remaining shares owned by private sector entity(ies)
-
None currently exist
Petro Canada prior to full privatization in 2004
→
-
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
JOINT ENTERPRISE
Shares partly owned by government through minister
-
Remaining shares owned by another level of government
-
Only 2 in existence in 2015
Lower Churchill Development Corp.
→
Northern Portage Development Corp.
→
-
•
SHARED GOVERNANCE CORPORATIONS
No share capital for government
-
But government, directly or through crown corp, has the right to appoint or
nominate one or members to governing board
-
83 such entities in 2015
Agricultural Adaptation Council
→
Canada Games Council
→
Canadian Sports Institute
→
-
•
FORMS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Corporate entities created pursuant to international agreements
-
Can either appoint board members or own shares
-
15 such entities in 2015
IMF -international bank that lends money to developing countries (issue
because many depts are forgiven and this is too much money being lost).
Unable to pay back the dept.
→
World Anti-Doping Agency -looking out for people who take steroids
during Olympic games.
→
North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation
→
-
•
PRIVATIZATION OF THE LCBO (CROWN CORPORATION)
IN FAVOUR
Government monopolies = high prices, less choice, less convenience
-
More government revenues
-
•
AGAINST
‘Social costs’
Alcohol-induced crimes would increase
→
Underage drinking
→
-
Public sector unions
Job losses
→
Salary cuts
→
-
Loss of government revenue
-
•
CENTRAL AGENCIES
Specific agencies that use specific jobs
-
Increased in power under Trudeau (1968)
Mistrust of advice from operating departments -lack of trust and
centralization.
→
Advocate of ‘rational management’ –competing source of advice/information
→
-
Increased size and strength of agencies –PMO and PCO in particular –continued
under Mulroney
-
Generally agreement that 4 organizations are central agencies –
-
Prime Minister Office-
most partisan of all, they serve the PM and the PM ALONE. Provides PM with
advice.
→
Their job is to tell the PM what to do or what not to do.
→
Provides political support that is beyond what public servants can do (basically
his best friends).
→
The PMO provides perspectives that are beyond what the parliament can do,
they do research and use that finding to tell the PM.
→
Provide media and liaison support, would paint a better picture of him.
→
Some answer emails, search for candidates so PM can nominate/reference
them.
→
1.
PCO2.
Non partisan, headed by the Clark of the Pretty Counsel (one of the highest public
servants in Canada).
-
Specific roles-provide PM not partisan advice.
-
Provide information and research, very highly qualified public servants.
-
Impressive research capabilities-coordinate PM with departments and cabinet
ministers.
-
Have extensive advice that they give to everyone associated with PM. Staff of about
500 ppl.
-
They do the exact work as PMO but with better research and non-partisan.
-
Treachery Board Secretariat3.
The treachery board is a constitutional committee.
-
The treachery board secretariat is a unit that assists the treachery board.
-
Treachery board is in charge of human resource and expenditures.
-
TBS is under the TB.
-
&Finance
Most politically sensitive
-
Created in 1967
-
Main preoccupation analyzing taxation policy, dealing with governmental finance,
development, taxation policy.
-
Everything has to go through department of finance-policies, etc. (everything to do
with public taxation money)
-
Departments count on the department of finance to get approval from finance-to
know which departments are doing well.
-
Regulatory Agencies4.
Produces regulations rather than goods and services
-
3 types-economic, social and environmental
-
Decisions carry force of law
-
Quasi legislative bodies
-
Investigative powers
-
Most agencies are subject to ministerial directives
-
Ex. CRTC, National Parole Board, Canadian Pension Commission.
-
They have investigative power (do a lot of research) which is transferred to
regulations and rules.
-
Immigration in Canada
History of Immigration Policies
1869 Immigration Act-safety of immigrants
Purpose was to ensure the safety of the passengers that were coming into
Canada (in ships)
→
The captain of the ships were responsible for safe passage of new immigrants,
had to write out list, made sure they paid, had proper health records.
→
Canadian gov't didn’t want anyone that was sick or suffered from any kind of
illness-blind, deaf etc…
→
Included people who were able bodied-physical strength, not sick, had ties in
Canada had advantages and could come in easily.
→
People who needed extra care were denied passage into Canada.
→
•
The Chinese Immigration Acts (1885, 1900, 1903) –head tax
Huge project, the trans Canadian railway.
→
PM MacDonald wanted this railway to be built ASAP, around 1880 a lot of
Chinese men were immigrating into Canada in BC, this was okay because he
needed labours so he contracted them until the railway was done.
→
•
Any Chinese person who came into Canada had to pay $50.001885-
Head tax amount increased to $100.00 per Chinese person 1990-
Head tax amount increased t0 $500.00 per Chinese person
Meant to decrease the amount of Chinese people coming into Canada
→
1903-
The Immigration Act ( 1906)
They made it even more difficult for people to come in.
→
The list of prohibited class increased-no Chinese unless they paid, people who
suffered from severe illness, prostitutes, no one who suffered from epilepsy or
gay people, ppl with mental health issues. This list increased even more in
1910 when they prohibited certain people from certain religions (Jews, Gipsy's
etc.) considered to be bad influences.
→
•
The 1923 Chinese Immigration Act -Chinese Exclusion Act
Between 1906-1923, there were so many acts.
→
By 1923 decided that there were way too many people with the head tax.
→
Came up with Chinese Exclusion Act-no one was allowed no matter how much
they paid
→
Only included diplomats, or if their child was born here, but could not become
a permanent residence yourself-had to take child back to China.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1910) –permanent residence
Established permanent residency-could stay as long as you wanted to achieve
residency.
→
•
The Continuous Journey Act –Sikhs/ Indians nationals
In the 1900s the only way to come was by ship, for the Indians they decided to
come up with this legislation that meant that if they were to take a ship from
India-they had to make a non-stop trip which is basically impossible.
→
Its too far, basically an act that allowed Indians to come to Canada if they
made a continuous journey without stopping anywhere.
→
To take a continuous journey is almost impossible but this was the law which
caused a lot of deaths.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1952)
Allowed people to come in under the discretion of the board officer
→
Act that introduced Canadian citizenship, before this Canadians were subjected
to British citizenship.
→
Introduced Canadian citizenship.1952-
Gave them the choice to allow who could come into Canada, ridiculed who was
allowed citizenship (Ex. the reason that coloured people could not adapt to
cold weather).
→
•
“The Immigration Act (1967) –introduced point system
People were made in-eligible ( did not meet criteria/requirements)
→
Needed to participate in the point system (points for speaking English, higher
education, ability to find a job).
→
The point system has been re-developed many times since then.
→
•
The Immigration Act (1978/ 1976) –point and category system
Could put yourself in 1 in 4 different categories.
→
Now we have something like 7/8 different categories.
→
They created 4 classes of immigrants that could come into Canada
→
Refugees 1.
Families 2.
Assistant relatives 3.
Independents-come in as skilled immigrant (some kind of skill to contribute,
especially in the skill of trade)
4.
•
Bill C-86 –New Amendments for Refugees -1) sponsored by the government/private,
or an independent/private –seek asylum
Can apply for refugee camps-benefits for a year
→
Or a private individual can sponsor refugees
→
Very financially consuming but it is a great way for more refugees to come in
since the gov't is running out of money to help those people.
→
They can say that they want to seek asylum because they are scared to be
prosecuted if they go back. They have to prove that the country of their origin
will not take them back, and will get in trouble if they do.
→
•
2002 Immigration and Refugees Act
Some significant changes that still affect us today
→
----
→
•
Key Features of the 1976 Immigration Act
It set clear objectives for Canada’s immigration policy –quota principle (every
year the department of immigration would come up with a quota of how many
immigrants we needed in this country for certain jobs).
→
It created four distinct categories of immigrants –independent, humanitarian,
assisted relative and international adoption
→
It formally separated refugees from other immigrants
→
When discussing selection criteria, it replaced the term “prohibited” with
“inadmissible
→
It committed the federal government to developing an annual plan for
immigration policy
→
It allowed the federal government to enter into agreements with individual
provinces
→
It required the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to table an annual
report on the government’s immigration plan in Parliament
→
•
_____________________________________________________________________
2002 Immigration and Refugee Protections Act
KEY FACTORS
Post 911 Situation
→
The Need for more skilled workers
→
Refugee status
→
KEY CHANGES
Streamlined Immigration Process
Inadmissible foreign nationals cannot appeal process
→
Permanent Resident Card
→
Security Certificates –without warrants,
→
Temporary Resident Permits –
→
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/eligibility.asp
→
-
Broadened Criteria for Selecting Immigrants
More emphasis on Skilled Workers class than the other categories.
→
Changed the point system of skilled class immigrants.
→
Clarifies residency requirements
→
Expands the definition of “dependents”
→
Clarifies rights of permanent residence vs. foreign nationals
→
New Citizenship Act 2014 : http://citizenshipcounts.ca/citizenship-act-changes
-
Refugees
The Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program,
•
The In-Canada Asylum Program
•
Private Sponsors
•
Blended Visa
•
Resettlement Assistance Program ( RAP) –One year financial assistance and
immediate and essential service
•
Citizenship and Immigration Canada
IRCC -Refugees
-
RESPONSIBILITIES
•
Immigration
Developing policies
-
setting annual immigration levels –quota
-
Resettling new immigrants
-
removing immigrants who have lost their status
-
•
Citizenship
Developing criteria for Canadian citizenship
-
Granting citizenship to new Canadians (test and oath)
-
Providing physical proof of citizenship (Citizenship Certificate)
-
Promoting importance of being a citizen ( E.g. National Citizenship Week)
-
•
Benefits of Immigration Policies
Immigration helps compensate for Canada’s declining birthrate
•
Immigration helps compensate for the impact of Canada’s aging population on the
workforce
•
Immigration can help Canada deal reasonably quickly with shortages of skilled labor
in specific areas.
•
Having a wide diversity of people from many different parts of the world contributes
to Canadian culture and society.
•
Mock Citizenship Test
What is a major river in Quebec?
•
a) Fraser River
b) St. Lawrence River
c) Niagara
d) Hudson's Bay.
Who do Members of Parliament represent?
•
a) People living in the city in which he/she was elected.
b) All of the Canadians living in his/her province.
C) Everyone who lives in his or her electoral district.
D) Only Canadians living in Central Canada.
When is Canada Day?
•
a)July 1st every year
b) The second Monday of July.
c) September 6th of each year.
d) The third Monday of May.
Who is Canada's Head of State?
•
a) A hereditary Sovereign (Queen or King).
b) Prime Minister
c) Members of parliament
d) Governor General of Canada.
W10/11 Structure of Bureaucracy & Departments
Wednesday,* March*28,*2018 7:44*AM
Document Summary
These departments are basically an institutional memory, they act as liaisons and communication tools. Service- direct service like healthcare, taxation, etc to us as citizens. Support departments- don"t support citizens with direct service (ex. department of finance) are support departments for other departments, not us. All departments are set by cabinet ministers, every department must have a cabinet minister. Actual day to day management is handled by deputy minister- actually a public servant. Deputy minister reports to cabinet minister who reports to pm. Horizontal policy coordinative most influential of all departments. 4 central agencies: pm office , pco, dof , tb. Horizontal administrative least influential- provide no policy initiatives, provide more of an administrative function. Department of public works- no direct policies to the public- changing of sewage systems, roadwork. Vertical departments - health, justice, cic (ircc) they provide direct services (justice, immigration, health)
