ANBI 470.3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Cytotoxic T Cell, Antigen, Vaccine

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20 Jun 2018

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Biotechnology and Animal health: Vaccines

- vaccinology is all about the immunological memory

1st exposure: development of antibodies in blood are low

- longer process to find and bind cells

2nd exposure there is a more rapid and more high magnitude of antibodies formed (memory

response)

- have memory cells so can do the handshakes in the periphery

if the 1st exposure is an actual infection by the time you can produce antibodies you will be

very ill or dead

if you survive that then the 2nd exposure will be more rapid and you will not get as sick

vaccine is so there is no 1st exposure with illness

- develop primary response which includes the generation of memory cells

- if can generate enough memory when you are actually exposure to the live pathogen

then you can form a more rapid and high magnitude response so you can stop getting

symptoms or death from the pathogen

sometimes we give booster vaccines: this is due to because it takes time to build up a primary

response and memory so that when you are actually exposed to the pathogen you will be

protected because the memory is strong enough

The ideal Vaccine

- safe for all individuals

onon-living vaccines inherently safer

onon-toxic

oneed to be safe, do not want to inject a vaccine that actually causes disease

- induce appropriate PROTECTIVE response

oprotected immune response: that we don't just want to generate an immune

response we want to generate one that is effective in not showing clinical signs

and is effective at stopping the pathogen at second exposure

ocellular versus humoral immune response

obroad cross protection against variants

osometimes the virus changes all the time= natural mutagenic shifts so that the

antigen we are trying to get an immune response against changes( flu vaccines)

oantibodies alone might not protect us from a pathogen because they are in cells

 some pathogens it is not good enough to just make antibodies but need

to make cytotoxic T cells s well

- long lasting

olifetime protection

- overcomes maternal immunity

omaternal immunity: antibodies from mom

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Related Questions

1.List the steps of the immune response in the correct order, fromfirst to last. (First, Second, Third)

The immune system develops proteins called antibodies that fightthe infection by killing the antigens.	Choose... Third First Second
The immune system identifies antigens.	Choose... Third First Second
The body saves some antibodies so they are available to fight offthe same disease if exposed again.	Choose... Third First Second

2.Match each item with the correct "line of defense" it isclassified under. (Surface Barrier, General Defense, ImmuneResponse)

lysozyme	Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
inflammation	Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
lymph nodes	Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
B cells and T cells	Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
unbroken skin	Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses
Antibodies	Choose... Surfacebarriers Generaldefenses Immune responses

3.What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

Chooseone answer.

	a. Itdestroys bacteria by a process called "cell-eating."
	b. Itproduces a fever and lethargy, so energy can be reserved forbattling the illness.
	c. It formsblood clots in the damaged area.
	d. Itdilates blood vessels to make more room for the body's defensive agentsin the injured area.

4.Match each item with the correct description. (Antigen, Prion, Blymphocyte, Macrophage)

An infectious particle that consists only of protein	Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage
A white blood cell that engulfs and destroys foreign material, such asbacteria	Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage
Any substance that instigates a response by the immune system	Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage
A white blood cell that can make antibodies	Choose... Antigen Prion Blymphocyte Macrophage

5.Who is credited with designing the first vaccine?

	a. LinusPauling
	b. EdwardJenner
	c. JonasSalk
	d. StanleyMiller

6.The flu (influenza) vaccine is generally administered as aninjection, often referred to as the flu shot. Can the flu shot giveyou the flu?

	a. No,because the flu shot is a live, attenuated vaccine.
	b. Yes,because the flu shot is a live, attenuated vaccine.
	c. No,because the flu shot is an inactivated vaccine.
	d. Yes,because the flu shot is an inactivated vaccine.

7.Getting a vaccine is similar to getting the actual disease insome ways. For example, when you get a vaccine, yourimmune system produces antibodies that will protect you from future exposures tothe actual disease.

True or False?

8.Getting a vaccine is NOT similar to getting the actual disease insome ways. For example, when you get a vaccine, you should notexperience outward symptoms of the disease you were vaccinatedagainst.

True or False?

9.Numerous scientific studies have shown that there is NO LINKbetween vaccines and autism.

True or False?

orangeseal52

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

True / False Questions

01. _____ Antibody is composed of 2identical long heavy chains and 2 identical shorter lightchains.

02. _____ Variable (V) and constant(C) regions are part of both heavy and light chains.

03. _____ Variable regions for heavyand light chains from the same antibody molecule are alwaysidentical.

04. _____ Variable region of lightchains are encoded by the DNA sequences that contain rearranged V,D, and J segments.

05. _____ Fc part of the antibody isnot important, F(abâ)₂ fragment has the same binding andeffector capacity.

06. _____ Fab fragments are generatedby alternative splicing.

07. _____ J chain is used as asurrogate light chain during pre-B cell receptor testing forsuccessful V(D)J rearrangement.

08. _____ Binding of the antigen byantibody is stabilized by disulfide bonds.

09. _____ RAG1/2 are always expressedin B cells at high level, because B cells need RAG1/2 to constantlyrearrange their V regions.

10. _____ âNâ (non template)nucleotides are added by TdT.

11. _____ The 12/23 rule is appliedduring class switching.

12. _____ For B cells, V(D)Jrecombination occurs only in the bone marrow.

13. _____ The process of somatichypermutation helps to improve specificity of the antibody.

14. _____ In late pro-B cells, Vsegment is rearranged with DJ segments.

15. _____ Failure to eliminateself-reactive B cells may lead to serious autoimmune diseases.

16. _____ Mature, naÃ¯ve B cellsexpress IgD and any of the other classes of antibody (IgM, IgG,IgA, or IgE) on their surfaces.

17. _____ B1 cells are present in theperitoneal cavity, pleural spaces and brain.

18. _____ AID (activation inducedcytidine deaminase) is expressed only in B cells and it canintroduce breaks in double stranded DNA.

19. _____ Different classes (isotypes)of antibodies have different effector functions, which aretriggered by special receptors expressed by a variety of cells.

20. _____ Plasma cells are terminallydifferentiated cells that produce large quantities ofantibodies.

21. _____ Repeated exposure to thesame antigen eventually leads to immunological exhaustion and lackof immunity, because there is no room for new plasma cells in thebone marrow.

22. _____ Germinal centers arespecialized sites within the bone marrow where Ig genes ofactivated B cells undergo affinity maturation.

23. _____ B cells can present antigensto T helper cells.

24. _____ Co-stimulatory molecules arerequired for efficient generation of memory B cells.

25. _____ Lymphocytes migrate to thelymphoid tissues in response to chemokines.

26. _____ Class switching duringgerminal center reaction is a random process.

27. _____ T cell independent responsescan generate strong and long lasting B cell memory.

28. _____ Fc receptors that arepresent on many different cell types are crucial for removal of thepathogens.

29. _____ The ideal vaccine should bedesigned to mimic the natural course of infection without causingsymptoms of the disease.

30. _____ The protective immunity canbe generated against any pathogen because there is virtuallyunlimited number of possible V regions, thus any antigen can berecognize by an antibody.

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ANBI 470.3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Cytotoxic T Cell, Antigen, Vaccine

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