BIOL107 Lecture 12: Lecture 12 Expression Student 16

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burgundybeetle55

8 Apr 2017

School

University of Alberta

Department

Biology (Biological Sciences)

Course

BIOL107

Professor

Sheryl Gares

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Focus: the genes in our dna define who we are, what we look like, our health and all of the different traits that make us individuals. Subtle changes in dna sequence accounts for the range of diverse people we see in our population. Dna contains genes, that direct the synthesis of proteins and proteins do cell work. The information stored in dna must be transmitted and communicated to the cytoplasm where it is used to direct the synthesis of proteins. Remember the primary structure dictates the folding of proteins and folding dictates function. Dna that dictates what the primary structure of a protein will look like. Objectives: for the exam you should be able to: Outline the basic steps of transcription, promoter. Identify the direction of transcription with respect to promoter location. Identify the template and non-template strand of dna. Outline 3 post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes and describe their purpose. Briefly discuss the concept and purpose of splicing.

Related Questions

Gene expression is a multi-step process. Place these events in the correct order.

Question 13 options:

charged tRNA molecules read the next codon, entering the A site of the ribosome.

Translocation of the mRNA to the cytoplasm.

Recruitment of RNA polymerase.

tRNA(Met) binds to the start codon AUG in the P site of the ribosome.

Assembly of small and large ribosome subunits on the mRNA.

Processing of the primary RNA molecule.

Release factors recognize the stop codon, signaling the release of the protein, mRNA and ribosome subunits.

Synthesis of primary RNA molecule, a direct copy of the DNA template.

Recognition of the mRNA by the small ribosome subunit .

Peptidyl transferase, transfers the amino acid of the incoming tRNA to the growing peptide chain.

Binding of transcription factors to the promoter.

blacklion206

Which of the two major categories of the chemical reactions in photosynthesis is oxygen the INDIRECT product?

Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation

Both light and dark

Light independent phase (LIP)

Light dependent phase (LDP)

You have a stomach flu characterized by vomiting. Which of the following systems is most responsible for the food in your stomach going the wrong way, e.g. vomiting? (Disregard this question and answer choice B)

Cardiac Muscle in the large intestine as discussed in class.

Smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

Smooth muscle in the blood vessels

Skeletal muscle in the intestine

Proteins are made from which of the following smaller sub units?

Nucleotides

Amino acids that cannot enter the blood stream and go to cells

Monosaccharides

Fatty acids

Amino acids which can form new protein

Carbohydrates are digested in the gastrointestinal system into which of the following substances that is the smallest structure?

Polysaccharides that are produced by glucagon

Monosaccharides that are produced by insulin

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

Which of the following biomolecules has the longest digestion time? In other words, how long does it take for the biomolecule to be catabolized?

DNA

Lipid

Carbohydrate

Protein

You are sunburned after a long day at the beach. Which one is not an example of UV damage to your skin cells?

A mutation can occur in your ovaries

A mutation can occur in skin cell DNA that can lead to errors in transcription.

Errors can occur during DNA replication.

UV light can cause mutations in DNA of skins cells.

Thymine bases in your skin DNA bond with each other instead of across the double helix

This region, the ______________ (a) tells RNA polymerase where to bind to DNA while this region, the ______________ (b) tells RNA where to start transcription.

(a) promoter, (b) open reading frame

(a) start codon, (b) methionine

(a) promoter, (b) start site

(a) start site, (b) promoter

The genetic code is used to translate ______________ into ______________.

lipids, nucleotides

nucleotides,carbohydrates

nucleotides, lipids

nucleotides, amino acids

nucleosides, amino acids

Transcription of a gene has just completed. What are the next steps (in the correct order) to complete expression of that gene?

RNA polymerase makes a copy of DNA into mRNA.

mRNA is translated in the nucleus and ribosomal RNA moves into the cytoplasm.

Gene expression is completed after transcription.

mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and with tRNA they interact to form protein

Translation machinery moves into the nucleus and mRNA is translated into protein.

How is it that a mutation in DNA stored inside the nucleus of a cell can cause a disease affecting multiple organs?

This remains an unanswered question in science that scientists are still trying to figure out.

The mutated DNA is expressed in multiple cells through the process of transcription and translation, and the altered protein causes the disease wherever the DNA was expressed.

The mutated DNA is expressed in one cell and the altered protein travels to multiple organs to cause disease.

The mutated DNA is expressed and the mRNA takes the mutated information to other cells where the altered protein is made to cause disease in that organ.

The advantage of sickle cell anemia is which of the following?

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoes carrying malaria will live

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoe's blood form will die.

It allows the blood vessels to decrease the amount of blood going to the toes and feet.

There is none.

Which of the following is a purpose of cell division?

Cell reproduction

Growth

Repair

All of these

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The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

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The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above â they are all true

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Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

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Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

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The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

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Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

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Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

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G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

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At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

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Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

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The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

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Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

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Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

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Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

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Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

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Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

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______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

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Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

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Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion photosynthesis

b. nucleus cellular respiration

c. ribosome manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome movement

e. central vacuole storage

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What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

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Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

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The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

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When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

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A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

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Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

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Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

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Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

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Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes

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BIOL107 Lecture 12: Lecture 12 Expression Student 16

BIOL107 Full Course Notes

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