BIOLOGY 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Aminoacyl Trna Synthetase, Aminoacyl-Trna, Start Codon
BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes
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DNA Structure and Function LabReport
- DNA Structure
- Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?
- Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.
- Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?
- List the three components of a nucleotide.
- DNA Replication
- What is the purpose of DNA replication?
- How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?
- In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.
Original | New |
C | |
A | |
G | |
T |
- RNA Structure
- Describe the structure and function of RNA.
- Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.
DNA | RNA |
C | |
A | |
G | |
T |
- Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.
DNA | RNA | |
Sugars | ||
Bases | ||
Strands |
- RNA Synthesis
- The process of assembling RNA is called _________.
- How is replication different from transcription?
- Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3â end of the DNA strand and the 5â end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.
DNA | 3â | C | G | T | C | G | T | C | C | A | A | T | T | 5â |
mRNA | 5â | 3â |
- Protein Synthesis
- What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?
- If a mRNA strand has the bases 5â CUC 3â, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.
- Where in the cell does translation occur?
- Genes
- What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?
- Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.
- What causes sickle cell anemia?
- Gene Cloning
- What is the function of a plasmid?
- Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.
QUESTION 10
If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the promoter of your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:
| The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently | ||
| The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein | ||
| The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome | ||
| The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon | ||
| The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene |
1.2 points
QUESTION 11
A competitive inhibitor is decreasing the activity of an enzyme. Predict the effect of adding more substrate to the reaction.
| The substrate will increase the reaction rate by binding to the allosteric site | ||
| The substrate will increase the reaction rate by competing with the inhibitor for the active site | ||
| The reaction rate will not change unless the inhibitor can be removed | ||
| The enzyme adjusts its shape so that the substrate, but NOT the competitive inhibitor, can bind | ||
| The substrate will bind to the competitive inhibitor and block its ability to bind to the enzyme |
1.2 points
QUESTION 12
What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?
| Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene | ||
| Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules | ||
| Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone | ||
| Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene | ||
| Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions |
1.2 points
QUESTION 13
What is the basic premise of cell theory?
| DNA -> RNA -> protein | ||
| All cells arise from pre-existing cells | ||
| DNA provides the complete instructions to create a cell | ||
| The identity of a cell is determined through gene expression patterns | ||
| All cells contain the same four basic macromolecules |
1.2 points
QUESTION 14
What is the benefit of using BOTH the lac activator and the lac repressor to control gene expression?
| Using both an activator and repressor enables cells to more accurately determine the amount of lactose available in the environment | ||
| Enzymes to digest lactose are only made when energy is low and lactose is available | ||
| The activator can override the inhibition of the lac operon by the repressor | ||
| The repressor can control the enhancer, while the activator can control the promoter | ||
| When neither the lac activator or repressor is present, expression of the lac operon is too high |
1.2 points
QUESTION 15
What is the histone code used for?
| Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted | ||
| Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins | ||
| Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form | ||
| Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur | ||
| The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide |