HIST 214 Lecture 8: HIST214 - The Crusades
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Religious and Social Reform
Church reform
Increase in episcopal and papal authority
○
Leo IX, Gregory VII, Urban II
Pope Urban II calls The Crusades
§
Peasantry reacting out against violence
§
○
Conflict between church and secular officials over who has the authority
to name who in certain offices
Begins to succeed in flipping the balance of power back and take
back its ability to control who is named in which position (asserts
and defends rights)
§
○
-
Grass roots lay piety
Effect of manorialism (system where peasants are forced to/voluntarily
settle around castles in order to pool resources)
○
-
Peace of God: Nobles vow to protect non-combatants
-
Truce of God: restricts acceptable periods of war between Christians
-
Pilgrimage
Definition of Crusade is an armed pilgrimage from Europe to the heart of
Jerusalem
-
Increased importance of relics in lay piety
Growth of local shrines
○
-
Penitential pilgrimage
Movement of people to holy sites in order to come closer in to contact
with the deity
○
Gain proximity to God and demonstrate their piety (demonstrate
devotion)
○
Penance is to make their sins right by going on pilgrimages
○
-
Important sites of European pilgrimage: Santiago de Compostella & Rome
Pilgrimage sites because of the relics that they hold (getting closer to God)
○
Relics are the "portal" to the supernatural network
Compostella - Tomb of St. James (Jesus' older brother/cousin?)
§
Rome has relics of Peter and Paul and most of the martyrs
§
Best relics are pieces of Jesus and then apostals (close to Jesus),
martyrs, etc.
§
○
-
Jerusalem = ultimate pilgrimage
Everything that has to do with Christianity is in Jerusalem
○
-
Economic and Social Improvements
Better climate
Dendrochronology, palynology
○
-
Improved farming techniques
Plow, harness and 3 field system
○
Europe is expanding and improving
○
-
Population growth
Earlier marriage, lower infant mortality
○
-
Growth in trade
-
Holy War
No concept of holy war in early Christianity
-
Changes the way that Christianity thinks about violence
-
Move to mainstream and imperial religion
Adoption of Greo-Roman concepets of just war
Aristotle: "for the sake of peace"
§
Defense (gives reason to participate in violence)
§
Recovery of rightful possession
§
○
-
Augustine of Hippo first to develop Christian theory of just war
Legitimate authority
○
Right intent of participants
○
-
Medieval preference for Old Testament
-
Conversion of Germanic Tribes introduces militarized language and concepts
into Christianity
Social norms of Mergovingians seep into the Christian society
○
-
Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire
Carolingian Empire = Christendom
○
Use of violence in order to spread Christendom was essential in spreading
propaganda
○
-
9th - 10th century invasions often target churches and monasteries
John VIII offers indulgences for defending Rome
○
-
Pre-Crusades
Reconquista
Kingdom of Barbastro is conquered in 1064
○
Kingdom of Toledo is conquered in 1087
Christian (re)conquest of Spain
§
Religious rhetoric used to gather support for the conquests
§
○
-
Normans in Southern Italy and Sicily (tend to be the weakest borders at the
time)
Palermo 1072
○
Normans used to be vikings and become Christianized but do not give up
motivation to expand
Conquer England in 1066
§
○
-
Mediterranean expansion (1030 - 1080)
Pisa, Genoa, Venice
○
Christian rhetoric to give legitimacy to the conquests
○
-
The Byzantine Problem
Byzantium vs. Rome
Dispute over papal authority
○
1054 split between churches (Latin West and Greek East)
○
-
Byzantium vs. Selkuk Turks
1071 Battle of Manzikert (completely crushed)
○
1074 Gregory VII proposes Latin rescue by militia Christi/ militia sancti
Petri (Nights of St. Peter army)
○
-
Emperor Alexius Comnenus (1081 -1118)
1094 plea for help
○
Sends another delegation to Europe to ask for help defeating the Muslims
○
-
November 27, 1095 - Urban II preaches the Crusade which happens at the
Council of Clermont
-
Urban II and the Crusade
1095 Council of Clermont
-
Crusade = armed pilgrimage to liberate Jerusalem and the Christians of the East
-
Plenary indulgence for all who carry out pilgrimage to Holy Sepulcher: "if any
man sets out from pure devotion, not for reputation or monetary gain, to
liberate the Church of god at Jerusalem, his journey shall be reckoned in place
of all penance"
If you do this, all of the sins that will keep you out of paradise are erased
○
-
"If any man will come after me, let him deny himself and take up his gross, and
follow me" (Matthew 16:24)
The sign of the cross for the Crusades
○
Orchestrated propaganda movement
○
-
Urban's main points
"Persians" have taken the Holy Land, the Holy Sepulcher and are oppression
Christians
-
Crusaders should renounce worldly possessions and attachments and answer
the call
-
Europe is small, but the East holds room for expansion and riches
-
Instead of fighting each other (putting their souls in danger), knights should
consecrate their lives to taking back the Holy Land (saving their souls)
Direct appeal to militarizing aristocracy
○
-
Crusader Motivations (?)
Material
European expansion and material gain
Very expensive to go on Crusades
Knights and families had to go into debt so that knights could
be able to go on Crusades
□
Limited gain □
§
○
Disenfranchised younger sons
Older sons getting all the land and inheriting everything
§
Younger sons do not have any access to the aristocracy (no access
to cementing status, but Crusades gives them that)
Go on Crusades and conquer territory and gain titles □
§
○
Colonization
○
-
Spiritual
Most Crusaders return
○
Expenses
○
Charters
Knights/families are selling things, taking out loans on properties
§
○
Apocalypticism
Causing the end of the world to come
§
○
-
The Many Crusades
More than one Crusade within the Crusades (different groups)
-
Peter the Hermit
Popular and fervent
○
Acephalous
○
Ill-prepared
○
"the leftover shit of our own people" - Guibert of Nogent
○
Claims he received a letter from God that authorizes him to preach the
Crusade
People part of his Crusade are part of the lower aristocracy
§
○
-
Emichio of Florheim
Considers himself to usher Christ's second coming into Jerusalem
○
-
Adhemar du Puy and the main Crusader army
Raymond of St. Gilles, Bohemond…
○
-
Byzantines
Try to get the Crusaders to promise anything they conquer will be theirs
○
-
The Pogroms
Early massacres in France, Rouen
-
Attacks on Jews in Europe
-
The German Count Emich of Leiningen leads an army into Speyer (Mary 3, 1096)
-
Large scale use of violence against Jews
-
Worms is attacked on the 18th
800 dead
○
-
Motivations
Misinterpretation of crusades call
Eradicate enemies of Christ
2 ways to do this
§
○
-
Jews represent non-Christians within Europe
-
Deicide
Revenge/vendetta (using violence to respond to violence in order to
correct a wrong)
○
Blaming of Jews for the death of Christ
○
-
Economic gain
Attacking Jews and steeling their belongings or exploiting/extortion
against them
○
-
Gave a choice: convert or kill
-
Lecture 8 -The Crusades
Thursday, October 12, 2017
2:31 PM
Religious and Social Reform
Church reform
Increase in episcopal and papal authority
○
Leo IX, Gregory VII, Urban II
Pope Urban II calls The Crusades
§
Peasantry reacting out against violence
§
○
Conflict between church and secular officials over who has the authority
to name who in certain offices
Begins to succeed in flipping the balance of power back and take
back its ability to control who is named in which position (asserts
and defends rights)
§
○
-
Grass roots lay piety
Effect of manorialism (system where peasants are forced to/voluntarily
settle around castles in order to pool resources)
○
-
Peace of God: Nobles vow to protect non-combatants
-
Truce of God: restricts acceptable periods of war between Christians
-
Pilgrimage
Definition of Crusade is an armed pilgrimage from Europe to the heart of
Jerusalem
-
Increased importance of relics in lay piety
Growth of local shrines
○
-
Penitential pilgrimage
Movement of people to holy sites in order to come closer in to contact
with the deity
○
Gain proximity to God and demonstrate their piety (demonstrate
devotion)
○
Penance is to make their sins right by going on pilgrimages
○
-
Important sites of European pilgrimage: Santiago de Compostella & Rome
Pilgrimage sites because of the relics that they hold (getting closer to God)
○
Relics are the "portal" to the supernatural network
Compostella - Tomb of St. James (Jesus' older brother/cousin?)
§
Rome has relics of Peter and Paul and most of the martyrs
§
Best relics are pieces of Jesus and then apostals (close to Jesus),
martyrs, etc.
§
○
-
Jerusalem = ultimate pilgrimage
Everything that has to do with Christianity is in Jerusalem
○
-
Economic and Social Improvements
Better climate
Dendrochronology, palynology
○
-
Improved farming techniques
Plow, harness and 3 field system
○
Europe is expanding and improving
○
-
Population growth
Earlier marriage, lower infant mortality
○
-
Growth in trade
-
Holy War
No concept of holy war in early Christianity
-
Changes the way that Christianity thinks about violence
-
Move to mainstream and imperial religion
Adoption of Greo-Roman concepets of just war
Aristotle: "for the sake of peace"
§
Defense (gives reason to participate in violence)
§
Recovery of rightful possession
§
○
-
Augustine of Hippo first to develop Christian theory of just war
Legitimate authority
○
Right intent of participants
○
-
Medieval preference for Old Testament
-
Conversion of Germanic Tribes introduces militarized language and concepts
into Christianity
Social norms of Mergovingians seep into the Christian society
○
-
Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire
Carolingian Empire = Christendom
○
Use of violence in order to spread Christendom was essential in spreading
propaganda
○
-
9th - 10th century invasions often target churches and monasteries
John VIII offers indulgences for defending Rome
○
-
Pre-Crusades
Reconquista
Kingdom of Barbastro is conquered in 1064
○
Kingdom of Toledo is conquered in 1087
Christian (re)conquest of Spain
§
Religious rhetoric used to gather support for the conquests
§
○
-
Normans in Southern Italy and Sicily (tend to be the weakest borders at the
time)
Palermo 1072
○
Normans used to be vikings and become Christianized but do not give up
motivation to expand
Conquer England in 1066
§
○
-
Mediterranean expansion (1030 - 1080)
Pisa, Genoa, Venice
○
Christian rhetoric to give legitimacy to the conquests
○
-
The Byzantine Problem
Byzantium vs. Rome
Dispute over papal authority
○
1054 split between churches (Latin West and Greek East)
○
-
Byzantium vs. Selkuk Turks
1071 Battle of Manzikert (completely crushed)
○
1074 Gregory VII proposes Latin rescue by militia Christi/ militia sancti
Petri (Nights of St. Peter army)
○
-
Emperor Alexius Comnenus (1081 -1118)
1094 plea for help
○
Sends another delegation to Europe to ask for help defeating the Muslims
○
-
November 27, 1095 - Urban II preaches the Crusade which happens at the
Council of Clermont
-
Urban II and the Crusade
1095 Council of Clermont
-
Crusade = armed pilgrimage to liberate Jerusalem and the Christians of the East
-
Plenary indulgence for all who carry out pilgrimage to Holy Sepulcher: "if any
man sets out from pure devotion, not for reputation or monetary gain, to
liberate the Church of god at Jerusalem, his journey shall be reckoned in place
of all penance"
If you do this, all of the sins that will keep you out of paradise are erased
○
-
"If any man will come after me, let him deny himself and take up his gross, and
follow me" (Matthew 16:24)
The sign of the cross for the Crusades
○
Orchestrated propaganda movement
○
-
Urban's main points
"Persians" have taken the Holy Land, the Holy Sepulcher and are oppression
Christians
-
Crusaders should renounce worldly possessions and attachments and answer
the call
-
Europe is small, but the East holds room for expansion and riches
-
Instead of fighting each other (putting their souls in danger), knights should
consecrate their lives to taking back the Holy Land (saving their souls)
Direct appeal to militarizing aristocracy
○
-
Crusader Motivations (?)
Material
European expansion and material gain
Very expensive to go on Crusades
Knights and families had to go into debt so that knights could
be able to go on Crusades
□
Limited gain □
§
○
Disenfranchised younger sons
Older sons getting all the land and inheriting everything
§
Younger sons do not have any access to the aristocracy (no access
to cementing status, but Crusades gives them that)
Go on Crusades and conquer territory and gain titles □
§
○
Colonization
○
-
Spiritual
Most Crusaders return
○
Expenses
○
Charters
Knights/families are selling things, taking out loans on properties
§
○
Apocalypticism
Causing the end of the world to come
§
○
-
The Many Crusades
More than one Crusade within the Crusades (different groups)
-
Peter the Hermit
Popular and fervent
○
Acephalous
○
Ill-prepared
○
"the leftover shit of our own people" - Guibert of Nogent
○
Claims he received a letter from God that authorizes him to preach the
Crusade
People part of his Crusade are part of the lower aristocracy
§
○
-
Emichio of Florheim
Considers himself to usher Christ's second coming into Jerusalem
○
-
Adhemar du Puy and the main Crusader army
Raymond of St. Gilles, Bohemond…
○
-
Byzantines
Try to get the Crusaders to promise anything they conquer will be theirs
○
-
The Pogroms
Early massacres in France, Rouen
-
Attacks on Jews in Europe
-
The German Count Emich of Leiningen leads an army into Speyer (Mary 3, 1096)
-
Large scale use of violence against Jews
-
Worms is attacked on the 18th
800 dead
○
-
Motivations
Misinterpretation of crusades call
Eradicate enemies of Christ
2 ways to do this
§
○
-
Jews represent non-Christians within Europe
-
Deicide
Revenge/vendetta (using violence to respond to violence in order to
correct a wrong)
○
Blaming of Jews for the death of Christ
○
-
Economic gain
Attacking Jews and steeling their belongings or exploiting/extortion
against them
○
-
Gave a choice: convert or kill
-
Lecture 8 -The Crusades
Thursday, October 12, 2017 2:31 PM
Document Summary
Conflict between church and secular officials over who has the authority to name who in certain offices. Begins to succeed in flipping the balance of power back and take back its ability to control who is named in which position (asserts and defends rights) Effect of manorialism (system where peasants are forced to/voluntarily settle around castles in order to pool resources) Peace of god: nobles vow to protect non-combatants. Truce of god: restricts acceptable periods of war between christians. Definition of crusade is an armed pilgrimage from europe to the heart of. Movement of people to holy sites in order to come closer in to contact with the deity. Gain proximity to god and demonstrate their piety (demonstrate devotion) Penance is to make their sins right by going on pilgrimages. Important sites of european pilgrimage: santiago de compostella & rome. Pilgrimage sites because of the relics that they hold (getting closer to god)
