HLTH2510 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Nail Clubbing, Vo2 Max, Heart Failure
HLTH2510
Lecture 3
Health and Disease Risk for Pulmonary Disease
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
To supply the body with oxygen (required for metabolism) and dispose of carbon
dioxide (bi-product metabolism)
Respiration – requires two distinct processes
Pulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of the lungs
External respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
Respiratory System - set up
Consists of:
Conducting zone
Provides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange
Includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange
Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation
Pulmonary Conditions
Many pulmonary disorders are not caused from an inactive lifestyle.
Many develop through;
Environmental exposure
Genetics
Gene environment interactions
Tobacco use
Significant cause of morbidity and mortality
Strong evidence that pulmonary rehab (PR) improves exercise tolerance, reduces symptoms
and improves QOL - Exercise training should be a mandatory component of PR!
Classification
A breakdown in respiratory function.
Includes:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (CRPD)
Cystic Fibrosis
Respiratory Disease
Most common medical complaints are:
Shortness of breath
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Cough
Wheezing
Dyspnea
Is derived from the Greek term for difficult breathing
Is representative of any “respiratory discomfort” experienced
May occur in healthy individuals when exercising maximally and may
represent primary pulmonary or cardiac disease, or may be a
manifestation of severe metabolic acidosis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Defined as the presence of airflow obstruction, because of airway narrowing
Mainly affects older people who have been exposed to tobacco smoke
Usually progressive
COPD patients report they are “hungry” for air
Preventable by avoiding major risk factors
COPD Statistics
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) estimates almost 590,000
people had COPD in 2004-05.
2016- 1.45 million have some form of COPD!
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14.5% or one in seven Australians 40 years or over have airflow limitation of
their lungs.
This figure increases to 29.2% in Australians 75 years or over
Major cause of mortality, illness and disability, making it a leading cause of disease
burden in Australia
What can cause COPD?
Smoking is the primary risk factor
• Long-term smoking is responsible for 90 % of cases
• About 71% of deaths from COPD (74% for men and 65% for women) are
attributable to smoking.
• A smoker is 10 times more likely to die of COPD compared to a non-smoker
Other Risk Factors for COPD
Prolonged exposures to environmental agents:
• Second-hand smoke, industrial smoke
• Chemical gases, vapors, mists & fumes
• Dusts from grains, minerals & other materials
• A small percentage of people with COPD have an inherited deficiency of the
enzyme alpha-1-antitrypsin, which normally inhibits the action of destructive
enzymes in the lungs.
• History of childhood respiratory infections
• Increasing age
Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)
Chronic cough with;
Shortness of breath
Increased mucus
Frequent clearing of throat
Airway wall injury.
Chronic Bronchitis Pathophysiology
Chronic inflammation
Hypertrophy & hyperplasia of bronchial glands
Increased number of goblet cells
Cilia are destroyed
Goblet Cells
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Document Summary
To supply the body with oxygen (required for metabolism) and dispose of carbon dioxide (bi-product metabolism) Pulmonary ventilation moving air into and out of the lungs. External respiration gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. Provides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange. Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Respiratory muscles diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation. Many pulmonary disorders are not caused from an inactive lifestyle. Strong evidence that pulmonary rehab (pr) improves exercise tolerance, reduces symptoms and improves qol - exercise training should be a mandatory component of pr! Is derived from the greek term for difficult breathing. Is representative of any respiratory discomfort experienced. May occur in healthy individuals when exercising maximally and may represent primary pulmonary or cardiac disease, or may be a manifestation of severe metabolic acidosis. Defined as the presence of airflow obstruction, because of airway narrowing.
