NUTR1023 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Atherosclerosis, Cohort Study, Blood Sugar

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redweasel913

28 May 2018

School

Department

Nutrition

Course

NUTR1023

Professor

Michael Leveritt

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NUTR1023 Health and Fitness Through Diet and Exercise

Summer Semester 2017

Module 2 – Physical Activity and Health

Objectives

At the end of this module students will be able to do the following:

• Describe risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases, identifying which are primary,

secondary, modifiable and non-modifiable.

• Describe evidence supporting the roles for exercise and physical activity

participation in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases such as cardiovascular

disease, cancer and diabetes.

• Describe the dose–response relationships for exercise and physical activity

interventions on lifestyle-related outcomes.

• Describe the process of atherosclerosis, and possible mechanisms by which exercise

may intervene in this process.

• Describe the specific effects of exercise and physical activity on risk factors for

lifestyle-related diseases.

• Describe the research literature related to the role of exercise in the secondary

prevention of disease and the control of blood pressure, blood glucose and insulin

resistance.

• Explain the role of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in the aetiology,

prevention and management of lifestyle-related chronic diseases.

Study Tasks

1. Watch the video 23 and 1/2 Hours by Mike Evans before completing the following

activities:

• How much does physical activity reduce pain and disability in those with knee

arthritis?

47%

• How much does physical activity, with other lifestyle interventions, reduce

the progression to diabetes in those at risk?

58%

• Describe the benefits of having high cardiorespiratory fitness.

Low cardiorespiratory fitness is the largest predictor of death, so being able to

exercise, increases health in many areas.

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• Explain the amount of exercise required to achieve health benefits.

Big differences can be seen when a person goes from doing nothing to something

(eg/ one hour exercise per week (from previously zero) decreases heart disease by

almost half). It is said that half an hour of exercise per day is optimal which can

be broken down (eg/ 10 minute intervals). Intensity can be varied.

• Describe the health risks associated with prolonged sitting.

Compared with people who watch no tv, people who watch approximately 6

hours per day were expected to live 5 years less.

2. Watch the videos Physical Activity and Health and Physical Activity and all-cause

Mortality and then read chapter 2 Phsical Fitness and Health of the Porcari

textbook before completing the following activities:

• Define physical activity, exercise and physical fitness.

Physical Activity: Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that

expends energy

Exercise: A type of physical activity that involves planned, structured, repetitive

movement, usually with the intent of improving physical fitness.

Physical Fitness: Ability to meet the demands of daily life safely and effectively

without undue fatigue. Fitness components such as strength, speed, power,

endurance that relate to the ability to successfully perform skilful activities and

athletic events.

• List the different methods used to measure exercise intensity.

Intensity is a commonly measured variable via several methods: maximal oxygen

consumption, oxygen consumption reserve, heart rate reserve, maximal heart

rate and metabolic equivalents.

• What are the limitations of using metabolic equivalents (METs) to measure

exercise intensity?

METs are a way of measuring intensity as the amount of oxygen consumed

correlates to the amount of energy expended. This method assumes that the

body uses approximately 3.5mL of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute at

rest (1 MET). Different categories of MET describe and classify the oxygen

requirements needed for the exercise, which is a practical and simple method. A

limitation is that MET values are approximations of energy expenditure and

errors are ieitale. Eeroe’s restig etaoli alue is differet, ad thus the

MET sste is geeralised hih does’t aout for fators suh as age, se,

muscle mass, disease states and environmental influence.

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• List the different domains of physical activity.

Leisure, sport, transport, exercise, occupation, house and yard (paid and unpaid

work)

• Explain the difference between primary and secondary prevention.

Primary: Focuses on healthy people and aims to prevent the disease before it

occurs.

Secondary: Focuses of people who have been diagnosed with a disease or has

identified risk factors, and aims to reduce the progression of disease.

• Compare and contrast the health-related components of physical fitness and

the skill-related physical fitness.

Physical Fitness: Cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, muscular

endurance, muscular strength, flexibility. Attributes are important for public

health, as favourable measures of these components increase quality of life.

Skill-Related Physical Fitness: power, coordination, speed, balance, reaction time,

agility. Exercises that enhance these components are important for performance

of activities, commonly pursued by athletes who want to improve or maintain

skill.

• Explain the curvilinear relationship between physical activity and health.

This relationship explains the dose-response between physical activity and health.

The most benefit comes from doing no exercise to some exercise. Benefits from

moderate to vigorous exercise has much less benefit. However, doing more

activity is actually better, but just loses intensity of benefit with higher dose.

• Explain what was found in the early studies of London bus drivers and

conductors in the 1950s.

In relation to coronary heart disease, two occupations were studied: the drivers,

(who had low physical activity) and the conductors (who had high physical

activity). It was found that the drivers had a higher chance of developing disease

compared to the conductors (2.7 cases per thousand compared to 1.9 cases per

thousand).

• What types of studies are mostly used as evidence for the health benefits of

physical activity? Describe the strengths and limitations of these types of

studies.

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Document Summary

Nutr1023 health and fitness through diet and exercise. 58: describe the benefits of having high cardiorespiratory fitness. Low cardiorespiratory fitness is the largest predictor of death, so being able to exercise, increases health in many areas: explain the amount of exercise required to achieve health benefits. Big differences can be seen when a person goes from doing nothing to something (eg/ one hour exercise per week (from previously zero) decreases heart disease by almost half). It is said that half an hour of exercise per day is optimal which can be broken down (eg/ 10 minute intervals). Intensity can be varied: describe the health risks associated with prolonged sitting. Compared with people who watch no tv, people who watch approximately 6 hours per day were expected to live 5 years less: watch the videos (cid:858)physical activity and health(cid:859) and (cid:858)physical activity and all-cause.

Related Questions

Please, help me answer the following questions on Chronic Diseases and Risks. No guess work, thank you!

QUESTION 1 Chronic diseases generally have several underlying characteristics, including a. A long latency period between exposure to risk and disease outcomes b. Low degree of preventability c. High curve rate d. None of the above

QUESTION 2 Which of the following risk factors collectively explain a significant proportion (not incidence) of most chronic diseases? a. Tobacco, alcohol, diet

b. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity c. Alcohol, physical activity d. Tobacco, diet, physical activity

QUESTION 3 Adherence to treatment is influenced by several interacting dimensions including a. Social and economic factors b. Healthcare system factors c. Condition-related factors

d. Therapy-related factors e. Patient related factors f. All of the above

QUESTION 4 _________ is the leading cause of cancer in both developed and developing countries worldwide a. Radiation exposure b. Tobacco use c. Pesticide exposure d. Air pollution QUESTION 5 This week's YouTube video on treating non-communicable diseases in Rwanda showed how a community health worker helps to treat heart disease, diabetes and _______ a. Cancer b. Asthma c. Hepatitis d. HIV/AIDS

QUESTION 6 Which of these are myths of chronic disease control a. Benefits of chronic disease control accrue not only to the individual but also to the population b. Economic growth improves all health conditions c. Chronic diseases are associated with low SES/poverty d. Chronic disease only occurs in the elderly e. a and c f. b and d

QUESTION 7 ___________ remains the leading cause of death among both men and women in low- and middle-income countries a. Cancer b. Cardiovascular disease c. Diabetes d. Obesity e. Respiratory disease

QUESTION 8 Chronic disease in adults accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide. True False

QUESTION 9 The WHO's Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework includes a positive policy environment True False

QUESTION 10 It is estimated that the overall number of cancer cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years. True False

periwinkleskunk371

PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS..PLEASE NOT ONLY 1 QUESTION. THANK YOU

QUESTION 1. Chronic diseases generally have several underlying characteristics, including a.A long latency period between exposure to risk and disease outcomes b. Low degree of preventability c. High curve rate d.None of the above

QUESTION 2.Which of the following risk factors collectively explain a significant proportion (not incidence) of most chronic diseases. a.Tobacco, alcohol, diet b.Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity c. Alcohol, physical activity d.Tobacco, diet, physical activity

QUESTION 3.Adherence to treatment is influenced by several interacting dimensions including a.Social and economic factors b. Healthcare system factors c.Condition-related factors d.Therapy-related factors e.Patient related factors f.All of the above

QUESTION 4. _________ is the leading cause of cancer in both developed and developing countries worlwide a.Radiation exposure b. Tobacco use c.Pesticide exposure d.Air pollution

QUESTION 5.This week's YouTube video on treating non-communicable diseases in Rwanda showed how a community health worker helps to treat heart disease, diabetes and _______ a.Cancer b.Asthma c.Hepatitis d.HIV/AIDS

QUESTION 6.Which of these are myths of chronic disease control a.Benefits of chronic disease control accrue not only to the individual but also to the population b.Economic growth improves all health conditions c. Chronic diseases are associated with low SES/poverty d.Chronic disease only occurs in the elderly e.a and c f.b and d

QUESTION 7 ___________ remains the leading cause of death among both men and women in low- and middle-income countries a.Cancer b.Cardiovascular disease c. Diabetes d.Obesity e.Respiratory disease

QUESTION 8.Chronic disease in adults accounts for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide. True False

QUESTION 9.The WHO's Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework includes a positive policy environment. True False

QUESTION 10.It is estimated that the overall number of cancer cases will rise by 50% in the next 20 years. True False

QUESTION 11.Comorbidity refers to simultaneous occurrence in a person of two or more disorders; comorbid conditions can increase the risk of adverse outcomes. True False

QUESTION 12.Emerging evidence supports starting promotion efforts during pregnancy and early childhood and continuing efforts throughout life lower exposures to major chronic disease risk factors. True False

QUESTION 13. Increased cumulative exposure to risk factors over the lifecourse combined with social and economic inequalities, leads to the levels of inequalities seen in later adult life. True False

QUESTION 14.The "compression of morbidity" model proposes that morbidity due to aging cannot be postponed or mitigated by disease prevention programs True False

QUESTION 15.There is few significant funding sources for chronic diseases in low-and middle-income countries. True False

QUESTION 16.To combat chronic diseases, modern, evidence-based interventions emphasize shared decision making and collaborative goal setting among providers and patients. True False

QUESTION 17.In the absence of legislative, financial and engineering approaches, health education programs often have a limited impact on preventing or reducing chronic diseases. True False

QUESTION 18. It is estimated that deaths from diet-related chronic disease in China will triple between 1995 and 2025. True False

QUESTION 19.The third highest percent of global DALY's is attributed to which risk factor? a.Alcohol use b.Tobacco use c.Unsafe sex d.Childhood underweight

QUESTION 20.In the 1990's which country experienced a substantial decline in male life expectancy as a result of dramatic socio-political changes a.China b.Russia c. India d.Canada

jademole302

QUESTION 1

Before undertaking an exercise or nutrition program, whatpreliminary steps should be taken?

		Choose an expensive activity; that way you know you've investedmoney in it and be more likely to stay with it.
		Go to an exercise physiologist who can teach you how the bodyworks.
		Choose an enjoyable activity that you know you will stay withwhether you're alone or in a group.
		Get an exercise stress test from a sports medicine doctor who isalso knowledgeable in nutrition.

QUESTION 2

The most important component(s) of exercise from a health andlongevity standpoint is(are)

		the intensity and duration of the activity.
		the duration and frequency of the activity.
		the frequency and regularity of the activity.
		the warm-up and cool-down periods.

QUESTION 3

Among the physiological benefits of regular exercise, which ofthe following can occur?

		Regular exercise will inhibit the blood chemistry responsiblefor the "good" cholesterol.
		Regular exercise can be a way to improve mood and relievedepression.
		Regular exercise has been shown to increase the need for"energizers."
		Regular exercise decreases blood flow to the brain, thereforeactivating endorphins, natural tranquilizers.

QUESTION 4

By eating a high carbohydrate diet the day before any athleticevent,

		muscles will have adequate fuel, i.e., glycogen for thecompetition.
		athletes can eat more protein the day of the competition.
		less water will be needed the day of the competition sincecarbohydrates are high in water.
		all of these.

QUESTION 5

A person with high blood cholesterol should considerparticipating in an aerobic exercise program such as walking orjogging because aerobic exercise

		will raise HDL ("good") cholesterol after a period of trainingand decrease the risk for heart disease.
		will cause a sudden increase in the heart rate to near maximallevels which lowers the "bad" cholesterol.
		forces more LDL ("bad") cholesterol out of the body throughwaste elimination.
		keeps the blood circulating faster, even at rest, thereforecauses a decrease in total blood cholesterol.

QUESTION 6

For most athletes who are well-nourished, nutrition supplementssuch as protein powders and vitamin pills

		dramatically improve performance.
		improve performance only moderately.
		do not significantly improve performance.
		seem to cause a decrease in performance.

QUESTION 7

In addition to being able to exercise at work, employees whohave access to a Wellness program and fitness facility at the jobsite

		is more likely to make positive changes in lifestyle.
		has less absenteeism from work.
		becomes more educated in health issues.
		all of these.

QUESTION 8

The general recommendation to support activity is to eat adiet

		high in protein and low in fat.
		low in protein and high in carbohydrate.
		high in carbohydrate and low in fat.
		high in carbohydrate and high in protein.

QUESTION 9

Walking is considered the best form of exercise because it

		is not expensive.
		promotes cardiovascular endurance.
		is easy to perform.
		all of these.

QUESTION 10

Exercise and nutrition are important components of a soundprogram for physically challenged people because they

are investments in good physical health.

help support a positive mental health.

help people face the challenges of life and achieve dreams.

all of these.

ivoryhornet198

NUTR1023 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Atherosclerosis, Cohort Study, Blood Sugar

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		are investments in good physical health.
		help support a positive mental health.
		help people face the challenges of life and achieve dreams.
		all of these.