BIO3082 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Millennium Development Goals, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Sustainable Development Goals
Lecture 10 – Challenges of Food Security
• Food security: When all people at all times have physical, social, economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life
• Factors affecting it:
o Production (yield, area, agronomy)
o Availability (distribution, cost, wealth)
o Nutrition (safety, value, cooking)
Challenge of Food Security
Millennium Development Goals (2000) → Sustainable Development Goals (2015)
Progress in MDGs?
• Since 1990 – number of people living in extreme poverty has declined by
more than half
• Primary school enrolment rate has reached 90%
• Increasing demand for food with increasing populations
o 70% increase in output by 2050 → do we need a second green
revolution?
o FAO – federation of agriculture organisation
▪ Need to increase rate of rate of production
Photosynthesis as the Engine of Food Production
• How can we increase plant production?
o Increasing CO2, wavelengths that light detects, water and nutrients
o CO2 +light + water + nutrients → plant production → partitioning →
yield → food security
• CO2 rising
o Photosynthesis is carbon dioxide limited – maybe good
o Consequence on plants:
▪ Indirect effects through climate change
Process of Photosynthesis
• 6CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
• Captures light energy as reduced carbon
o Low energy, oxidized carbon → high energy, reduced carbon
• Capture of light energy as ATP, NADPH
• Chemical energy is stored in bonds and as reducing power (H)
• Convert carbohydrate → fat
• Chemical energy is stored in bonds and as reducing power (H)
o More energy is released when carbon in sugar is oxidised
Types of Photosynthesis
• Calvin-benson cycle
o Rubisco: RuBP(5C) → 2x 3C (reduced high energy product)
▪ CO2 is a substrate
▪ Rubisco carboxylase catalyses reaction
o Rubisco is a catalytic enzyme: Ribulose Bisphosphate
Carboxylase/Oxygenase
▪ Affects how plants respond to CO2
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Document Summary
Millennium development goals (2000) sustainable development goals (2015) Progress in mdgs: since 1990 number of people living in extreme poverty has declined by more than half, primary school enrolment rate has reached 90% Increasing demand for food with increasing populations: 70% increase in output by 2050 do we need a second green revolution, fao federation of agriculture organisation, need to increase rate of rate of production. Types of photosynthesis: calvin-benson cycle, rubisco: rubp(5c) 2x 3c (reduced high energy product, co2 is a substrate, rubisco carboxylase catalyses reaction, rubisco is a catalytic enzyme: ribulose bisphosphate. Carboxylase/oxygenase: affects how plants respond to co2, both carboxylate and oxygenase activity, some plants concentrate co2 to promote carboxylation reaction. Grow faster: cam photosynthesis, co2 fixation at night, stomata open then close during day, calvin cycle in the day, advantage: less water loss, e. g. Pineapple (cam: ccms: carbon concentrating mechanisms, diatoms: inner compartment in chloroplast, pyrenoid, cyanobacteria: inner protein bound compartment: carboxysome.
