BIO1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Cestoda, Hemolymph, Triploblasty
5 Jul 2018
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BIO1011
1. LECTURE 15 – ANIMAL DIVERSITY 1
READINGS: 32.1 and 32.3 and 33.1 and 33.2
32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that
develop from embryonic layers
Nutritional Mode
Plants are autotrophic eukaryotes capable of
generating organic molecules through
photosynthesis.
Fungi & heterotrophs that grow on or near their food
and that feed by absorption.
Plants, animals cannot construct all of their own
organic molecules and so in most cases.
Cells and Structure and Specialization
Most abundant proteins are collagen.
Cells of most animals are organized into tissues.
Reproduction and Development
Reproduce sexually, and the diploid stage
usually dominates the life cycle.
Haploid, sperm and egg cells are produced
directly by meiotic division.
Small, flagella sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile, forming a diploid zygote.
Zygote then undergoes cleavage, succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth
between the divisions.
Development of most animals, cleavage leads to the formation of multicellular
embryonic stage called blastula.
Gastrulation: during which layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body
parts are produced, resulting in gastrula.
Larva: Sexually immature form of an animal
Metamorphosis: Development transformation that turns the animals into juvenline that
resembles an adult but not yet sexually mature.
32.2 The history of animals spans more than half a billion years
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Neoproterozoic Era (1 billion – 541 Million Years Ago)
oThese fossils are members of an early group soft-bodies multicellular
eukaryotes, known collectively as the Ediacaran Biota.
oAmong the oldest Ediacaran fossils that resembles animals, some have been
classified as molluscs, or close relatives of the molluscs, while others are
thoughts to be sponges or cnidarians.
Paleozoic Era (541- 252 million years ago)
oWave of animal diversification occurred 535-525 million years ago, during
Cambrian period of Paleozoic Era, referred to as the Cambrian explosion.
oOldest fossils of about half of all extant animal phyla, including the first
arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms.
oIn particular, most of the fossils from the Cambrian explosion are of
bilaterians, an enormous clade who members typically have two sided or
bilaterally symmetric form and a complete digestive tract.
Mesozoic Era (252 – 66 million years ago)
oAnimal phyla that has evolved during the Paleozoic now began to spread into
new habitats.
oFirst coral reefs formed, providing other marine animals with new places to
live.
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Document Summary
Bio1011: lecture 15 animal diversity 1. Readings: 32. 1 and 32. 3 and 33. 1 and 33. 2. 32. 1 animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. Plants are autotrophic eukaryotes capable of generating organic molecules through photosynthesis. Fungi & heterotrophs that grow on or near their food and that feed by absorption. Plants, animals cannot construct all of their own organic molecules and so in most cases. Cells of most animals are organized into tissues. Reproduce sexually, and the diploid stage usually dominates the life cycle. Haploid, sperm and egg cells are produced directly by meiotic division. Small, flagella sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile, forming a diploid zygote. Zygote then undergoes cleavage, succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between the divisions. Development of most animals, cleavage leads to the formation of multicellular embryonic stage called blastula. Gastrulation: during which layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced, resulting in gastrula.
