BM1000 Lecture 32: 32

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16 Jul 2018

School

James Cook University

Department

Course

BM1000

Professor

Lionel Hebbard

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Document Summary

List the cells that are involved in immune responses and their function. This network of lymph nodes and vessels carries lymph fluid, nutrients, and waste material betwe the body tissues and the bloodstream. This is soft tissue found mainly inside the long bones of the arms and legs. It is made up of red marrow, which produces red and white blood cells and platelets. Filters the blood by removing old or damaged blo cells and platelets and helps the immune system destroying bacteria and other foreign substances. These blood cells are made in the bone marrow a protect the body against infection. ries tween red blood tem by nces. ow and protect the body against infection. The innate immune system consits of cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes at the side of infection. The main components of the innate immune system are: A special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer.

Related Questions

How did inoculation with cowpox generate immunological memory and provide protection against smallpox? Did cross-reactivity play a role?

How did Pasteurâs work with attenuated (weakened) bacteria further our understanding of the role vaccination can play?

What are the three characteristics that define an adaptive immune response? Briefly define each of the characteristics.

Define primary versus secondary immune response.

Whatâs the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and oligopotent when evaluating cell differentiation capacity?

What is hematopoiesis?

What cell types are derived from myeloid versus lymphoid progenitor cells? Describe the function of each WBC type.

What is clonal selection?

What role do antibodies play with regard to antigen recognition and immune defense that is different from what Tcrs provide?

As described in class generally understand the outcome of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell activation. Understand that these cells can differentiate into effector (plasma cells, cytokine producing Th cells and CTLs) or memory cells.

Understand how granzymes and perforins play a role in apoptosis.

Which types of cells typically express MHC Class II? Do these cell types also express MHC Class I, and if so why?

With regard to Tc and Th cells, what kinds of peptide antigens (think about exogenously versus endogenously derived antigens) are recognized?

Be able to show cooperation between Tc, Th and B cell responses (refer to class notes).

What is the overall role of MHC Class I and II?

What is ADCC and what cell types are involved?

Understand and be able to provide examples highlighting the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Note: ADCC and dendritic cell and macrophage interactions with Th cells illustrate examples of innate/adaptive cooperation.

What are the primary lymphoid organs? What role do they play?

What role does the lymphatic circulatory system play in immune defense?

Whatâs the difference between plasma, ISF, and lymph?

Whatâs the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

How is lymph ultimately delivered back to blood?

Define extravasation. Why is this important?

What are HEVs and what role do they play?

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?

What role do lymph nodes play?

What role does the spleen play?

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

Whatâs MALT and its role?

What is the inflammatory response and what are characteristics associated with inflammation?

What role does histamine play in the inflammatory response?

limereindeer400

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

Topic A

1. Indicate to which branch(es) of theimmune system the following statements apply.

Explain your answer.

a) Involves macrophages

b) Responds to viral infection

c) Involves T cells

d) Responds to bacterial toxins

e) Most likely responds following an organ transplant

f) Involves cytotoxic T cells

g) Involves B cells

h) Involves complement

i) Responds to extracellular bacterial infection

j) Involves secreted antibody

k) Kills virus infected self cells

I) Involves the thymus

m) Involves the bone marrow

2. You are given two solutions, one containing protein A and theother the antibody to this protein both at about 5mg/ml. When youadd 1 ml of anti-A to 1 ml of protein A, a precipitate forms.However, when you dilute the antibody solution 20 fold and then mix1 ml of the diluted anti-A with 1 ml protein A, no precipitateforms.

Explain why no precipitate formed with the diluted antibody.

3. An energetic immunology student has isolated protein X.

The student believes it is a new isotype of humanimmunoglobulin.

a)What structural features would protein X have to have in orderto be classified as an immunoglobulin?

b) You prepare rabbit antibodies to (i) whole human IgG, (ii) tohuman ÃÂ» chain and (iii) to human ÃÂ³ chain.

Assuming protein X is in fact a new immunoglobulin isotype,which of these antibodies will bind to protein X? Explain why?

TOPIC B

4. a) Describe the time course of a typical antibody response totetanus toxoid

b) Outline a vaccination schedule that makes effective use ofthis information.

5. a) Tetanus immunoglobulin from the horse can be used toprotect an individual against tetanus. How is the treatmentadministered and what are the advantages/disadvantages of this formof immunisation? 2

b) Is it possible to confer cell mediated immunity on anunsensitised recipient by transferring cells?

c) Would this be a practical method of immunisation, and whatproblems may be encountered in this type of experiment?

6. If you inject a rabbit with a large protein antigen X andsubsequently harvest the antiserum from the animal, would youexpect the antibodies to X in the antiserum to be monoclonal orpolyclonal?

TOPIC C

7. a) Why, if the immune system is so efficient, do we continueto suffer from infectious diseases?

b) Speculate on the consequences if the immune system were tolose its ability to distinguish self-antigens from foreignones.

c) If a child is born without a thymus gland, what will be thenature of the child's illness

d) If a child were born with a defect in the complement system,say a deficiency in function C3, what would be theconsequences?

8 Considering only combinational joining of gene segments andassociation of light and heavy chains, how many different antibodymolecules potentially could be generated from germ line DNAcontaining 500VL and 4JL gene segments and 200VH. 10DH and 4JH genesegments?

9 During an immune response to antigen, the antibodies producedduring a secondary and subsequent responses have a greater affinityfor antigen than those produced during a primary response toantigen

Explain what is meant by "affinity"

Explain in principle the mechanism which explains the aboveobservation re increasing antibody affinity for antigen insecondary and subsequent responses

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BM1000 Lecture 32: 32

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