PSYC 304 Study Guide - Final Guide: Secondary Sex Characteristic, Pubic Hair, Personal Fable
Psych 304: Exam 3 Notes
CH 11: Adolescence (bio-cog)
● Puberty changes due to increase in estrogen and testosterone
● Primary sex characterisitcs: changes that allow reproduction
○ Girl- dev of ovaries, menarche ~ 11
○ Boy- development of sperm and spermarche
● Secondary sex characteristic: changes that give physical characterisitc unrelated to
reproduction
○ Girl- breast, pubic hair
○ Boy- pubic, shoulders, voice
● The secular trend: menarche becoming earlier than 11, some as young as 7
Piaget’s Formal Operations
● Changes in thinking: powers beyond the concrete
○ Abstractly- think about big picture and general concepts, “what is justice”;
thinking deepens
○ Idealistically- begin to think about perfect world, “ideal” lifestyle, (can contribute to
unhappiness)
○ Logically- start to think scientifically, hypothetical and deductively; two trains
problem
○ Egocentrism- piaget/elkind still see self-centered
○ Imaginary audience-belief everyone is watching
○ Personal fable- happens to others but not me
Kohlberg Moral Development
● Moral development a stage process
○ Moves from vernal external to very internal
● post-conventional→ few people get here
○ Universal ethical principles- what’s right for culture
○ Social norms- do what's right for conscience
● Conventional - most people stay here
○ Law and order- do what's right for principles
○ Good boy/girl do what’s right for praise
● Pre-conventional- most people get past this
○ Mutual benefit- do what's right for treats
○ Punishment and obedience- do what's right because of fear
CH 12: Psycho Social
● Erikson’s 5th stage: identity vs. role confusion
● Body: takes on an adult form and adult mind
● Society: peers, parents, family, teacher, coaches, the law, bosses, etc do people treat
like adult
● ID: seeing self as a unique person with meaningful role
● Marcia: identity status= crisis and commitment
○ Diffusion: N/N apathetic, no direction
○ Foreclosure: N/Y have goal from others
○ Moratorium: Y/N thinking but no decision
○ Achievement: Y/Y working hard!
● Virtue: commitment (or fidelity)
Adolescent Problems
● Sex identity, occupational identity, values identity
● Drug use in childhood
○ Self reports suggest it is decreasing, yet first use between 13-16, 13 more likely
to have serious problems
○ Greatly affects the development of nondrug related coping skills
● Suicide
○ Long-term suicide reasons
■ Lack of friendships
■ Suicide by famiy member
■ Depression
○ Short-term reasons
■ A bad grade
■ Pregnancy
■ Break up
● Dropping out of highschool
○ 4% total but disproportionate to ethnicity
○ 18% latino, 10% black, 4% white
■ Economic reasons
■ Pregnancy or marriage
■ Expelled
● Eating disorders
○ Anorexia, bulimia, overeating
● Teen pregnancy
○ US high pregnancy rate is very high
■ Abortion rights, contraception, sex education
● Delinquency
○ Index (robbery, murder) vs. status offense→ underage
■ Families of delinquents often poor, don’t monitor children well, have
trouble using effective discipline
CH 14: Young Adulthood 20-40
Biological changes:
● prime of one’s life, healthiest, most fit, adult body
● Habits that likely kill you in this twenty years but might be problem by mid life
○ Drinking, smoking, lack of exercise, over eating
● Accidents, homicides, suicides leading death
● Heart attacks, cancers rare but do happen esp closer to 40,
○ Know what disorders run in family such as diabetes, stroke, to try to avoid issues
Cognitive Changes
● Post formal changes (Piaget’s disciples)
Document Summary
Puberty changes due to increase in estrogen and testosterone. Primary sex characterisitcs: changes that allow reproduction. Girl- dev of ovaries, menarche ~ 11. Secondary sex characteristic: changes that give physical characterisitc unrelated to reproduction. The secular trend: menarche becoming earlier than 11, some as young as 7. Changes in thinking: powers beyond the concrete. Abstractly- think about big picture and general concepts, what is justice ; thinking deepens. Idealistically- begin to think about perfect world, ideal lifestyle, (can contribute to unhappiness) Logically- start to think scientifically, hypothetical and deductively; two trains problem. Personal fable- happens to others but not me. Moves from vernal external to very internal. Universal ethical principles- what"s right for culture. Social norms- do what"s right for conscience. Law and order- do what"s right for principles. Good boy/girl do what"s right for praise. Mutual benefit- do what"s right for treats. Punishment and obedience- do what"s right because of fear. Erikson"s 5th stage: identity vs. role confusion.
