NURS 165 Study Guide - Final Guide: Proximal Tubule, Prodrug, Half-Life
General Concepts Study Guide
• Different products are regulated differently
o Foods: don’t need pre-market approval or post-market surveillance,
but do have safety requirement
o Drugs (Rx): need all three
o Supplements: none
• Most drugs do not make it from research phase all the way to market
o Must go through
▪ In vitro studies (0-2 years)
▪ Animal testing (2-4 yrs)
▪ Clinical testing (until year 9-10)
• Three phases
▪ New Drug Application (NDA)
▪ Marketing
• Patent expires after 20 years
• Generics become available
• It’s really hard to make a profit from drugs!!
• Drug Use Process
o Drug prescribed → drug order reviewed/verified → drug
prepared/dispensed → drug administered → patient evaluated,
monitored, re-prescribed
o A drug is any chemical compound that can influence living processes
▪ Can have therapeutic application
• Pharmacology
o The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
▪ Pharmaceutics, pharmacotherapy, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics
▪ Pharmacotherapy is the use of drugs to treat a disease or
condition in humans
• The )deal Drug
o Safe – cannot cause injury
o Effective – useful clinically
o Selective – elicits ONLY anticipated response
▪ No side effects
o Reversible action
o Predictable
o Chemically simple
o Easily administered
o Lack of interaction (w/ other drugs)
o Affordable
o Simple name
o Main point: this doesn’t exist
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• Risk vs. Benefit
o Need to evaluate the risk vs. benefit when giving a drug
o Overall:
▪ Meds offer simple, cost-effective way to reduce disease
suffering
▪ However, also a huge cause of disease worldwide
o Risk Evaluation & Mitigation Strategy
▪ FDA can require from manufacturers to ensure that drug’s
benefits outweigh risk
▪ Adverse drug event – any undesirable effect caused by drug
use in patient
• Includes side effects, interactions, although predictable
• Adverse drug REACTION is a type of adverse drug
event, but there’s a difference
▪ Medication Error – mishaps that occur at any point in drug
process
• May or may not result in adverse drug event
• Close call or near hit still an error
• Chart of error categories:
o Cat. A: no error, but potential (ex. Two patients
w/ same name)
o All the way up to Cat. I: death
▪ Lots of dosage forms (solids/liquids/gels, etc.), units of
measure (mg, mL) and routes of administration (enteral,
topical, paraenteral, etc.)
▪ Bioavailability – the extent to which administered drug
becomes available in circulation
• Ex. Drug is more available if given IV than if given orally,
because IV goes directly into bloodstream
• Pharmacokinetics
o What body does to the drug
▪ Absorption
▪ Digestion
▪ Metabolism
▪ Excretion
o Absorption
▪ Drug goes from site of administration to bloodstream
▪ Does not happen with IVs – already given in bloodstream
▪ Blood concentration rises until reaches minimum effective
concentration
• Time it takes drug to start working
▪ Then continues to increase until all of drug is absorbed
• Blood concentration decreases, until drug is all used up
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
