ANFS251 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Milk, Monogastric
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
ANFS251
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Nutrition: 1.2- Plants that animals eat
1. What types of plants
a. Grasses
i. Timothy
ii. Rye
iii. Fescue
iv. They can be fed fresh (out in pasture) or
can be preserved (hay)
b. Legumes
i. 2 different forms
1. Beans
a. Soybeans
2. Forage
a. Alfalfa
b. Clover
ii. They can be fed fresh in pasture or preserved in hay
c. Silage
i. Another way to preserve the plants
d. Forages or roughages
i. Grasses (fresh or preserved)
ii. Legumes (forage like alfalfa and clover)
iii. Silage
2. Pastures = salad bar
a. Collections of plants that ruminants and non-ruminants graze and eat
b. They can be natural or man made
i. Livestock producers have chosen the specific plant they want the
animal to eat
ii. Excess growth is harvested and preserved as hay so the animal can
consume at a later time
c. Examples of plants in man-made pastures
i. A combination of grasses or legumes (pasture type legumes)
ii. How they are selected
1. Grasses
a. Different growth characteristics
b. Different nutrients
2. Pasture legumes
a. Protein
3. Grasses commonly seeded into pastures
a. Orchard grass
i. Shade tolerant grass
b. Timothy grass
i. high yield, cool season
c. Perennial ryegrass
i. Drought tolerant
d. Reed Canarygrass
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
e. Kentucky blue grass
f. Tall fescue
i. Tough, deep rooted grass
4. Fescue toxicity
a. Contains an endophyte or fungus that produces ergot alkaloids (toxins)
i. Alter systems of the body that are controlled by neurotransmitters:
heart, blood, appetite, hormonal, gut motility, muscle contractions,
and body temperature
ii. Some species are more affected than others
1. Beef cattle
2. Horses
iii. Endophyte free fescues are lower in nutrient value
5. Legumes usually seeded in pastures
a. Legumes do not require nitrogen fertilization
i. Get it from the air
b. High in protein
c. Indigenous to the north east
i. White clover
ii. Ladino white clover (used with higher grasses
d. Alfalfa has a high yield potential, forage quality, and compatibility with
grasses
i. Tri-foliate leaf
e. You can buy pasture mixtures that include both legumes and grasses
6. Sum up
a. Well-managed pastures (of forage plants) can contain both grasses and
legumes and in many cases, serve as complete diets for ruminants and non-
ruminant herbivores
7. Silage- another preserved forage for ruminants
a. Plants are harvested when they still have considerable moisture
i. Not dried out in the field like hay
b. Chopped and put in a storage container (silo)
c. Warm, moist environment in the container
i. Results in microbial growth
d. Microbes produce acids that preserve the plant material
e. Silage can be made from a variety of different plants, but corn is the widely
popular type
CORN SILAGE HAYLAGE
8. What plants do non-ruminants eat
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Haylage: what plants do non-ruminants eat, omnivores do not have a rumen or substantial hind-gut fermentation. If animals are displaying signs of fescue toxicity there is little to do: you can limit the grazing, oil seed extracted from meal before they are dried, forage and roughage can be used interchangeably, lots of fiber. Class notes: ceca was not functional in chickens, they are not fed supplements which would make the ceca functional, reticular groove, doesn"t close, the animal swallows differently, microbial fermentation. If they do not get fiber then they will have a bunch of gastric distress: omnivores, don"t need as much fiber, carbohydrates. Nutrition: 3. 8- vitamins: vitamins, organic substances required by animal tissues in very small amounts, some animals can synthesize vitamins or have the microbes synthesize them, classification, b-complex vitamins, vitamin b1 (thiamine) And nutritionist have to understand where that energy is lost and how to formulate animal diets to account for or minimize those energy losses.
