WGSS 1105 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Covalent Bond, Phosphodiester Bond, Cyanine

52 views14 pages

rubywasp499

23 Jan 2017

School

UConn

Department

Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies

Course

WGSS 1105

Professor

Barbara Gurr

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

Midterm Study Guide

DNA Structure

● What was the importance of the work conducted by each of the following toward

identifying DNA as the hereditary material?

○ Griffith

■ Demonstrate the principle of “transformation”

● If you transform something → you provide yourself with

something you didn’t once have

● Giving an individual or organism a quality they didn’t once

have

● Rough nonvirulent (type R) → R for rough

○ Mouse lives

● Smooth virulent (type S) → S for smooth

○ Mouse dies

● So he..

○ takes Type S and heats it up → bacteria killed →

mouse lives

○ Takes Type S heated (bacteria killed) + Type R (live

non-virulent bacteria) → mouse dies

■ FINDS: live Type S in blood sample from dead

mouse

■ INFO must’ve somehow transferred

○ Conversion of 1 bacterial strain into another

○ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty

■ Isolated components from heat-killed S cells

■ Added purified molecules to living R type cells

■ R cells → S cells? (did these isolated components transform?)

● Carbohydrates/polysaccharides → NO

● Lipids → NO

● Proteins → NO

● RNA → NO

● DNA → YES

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 14 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

● Cut up DNA (DNase = enzyme that cuts up DNA) → NO

○ Fragmented DNA strand = no longer viable

■ DNA is hereditary material

○ Hershey and Chase

■ Bacteriophage

● Protein “head” surrounds nucleic acid (DNA)

● Specializes with bacteria cells

● Grew bacterial cultures

■ Used radioactive isotope of sulfur

● Radioactive = seeing protein

■ Used radioactive isotope of phosphorus

● Radioactive = seeing DNA

■ Viral particles are inserted into bacterium

■ Put cells in blender → get rid of anything on surface of bacterial

cells

■ Results

● Phosphorus (DNA) but not sulfur (protein) entered the

bacterial cell from the labeled bacteriophage

● DNA was hereditary material

● How did each of the following researchers contribute toward solving the structure

of DNA?

○ Chargaff

■ Any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and

purine bases

■ G = C

■ A = T

○ Franklin

■ Bombards DNA crystals with x rays

■ Generates x ray diffraction pattern

■ Sugar and phosphate performs backbone of helix

○ Watson and Crick

■ Covalent phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

■ Sugar phosphate backbone

■ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides of a complementary base

pair (H bonds between single strands hold the 2 together into a

double stranded DNA molecule)

■ Antiparallel alignment

● What are the structural components of a nucleotide?

○ Sugar -deoxyribose

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 14 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

■ 1’ - 5’ carbon

■ 3’ carbon has hydroxyl group

■ 5’ carbon has phosphate attached

■ Take oxygen away from ribose

○ Phosphate group - phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

○ Nitrogenous base - 4 diff types

■ Purine

● 2 rings

● Adenine and guanine

■ Pyrimidine

● 1 ring

● Cytosine, thymine, uracil

○

● How are nucleotides connected into a polynucleotide strand?

○ Covalent bonds (strong bonds)

● What is the difference between covalent and hydrogen bonds?

○ Covalent = strong

○ Hydrogen = weak

● How is each type of bond utilized in the construction of a DNA molecule?

○ Covalent = within backbone

○ Hydrogen = within nucleotides

● What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

○ A, G, C, T

● What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

○ Purine (A,G) = two rings

○ Pyrimidines (C,T, U) = one ring

● How many hydrogen bonds are present between A:T and C:G base-pairs?

○ Adenine and Thymine = 2 hydrogen bonds

○ Cyanine and Guanine = 3 hydrogen bonds

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 14 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

If you transform something you provide yourself with something you didn"t once have. Giving an individual or organism a quality they didn"t once have. Rough nonvirulent (type r) r for rough. Smooth virulent (type s) s for smooth. So he takes type s and heats it up bacteria killed mouse lives. Takes type s heated (bacteria killed) + type r (live non-virulent bacteria) mouse dies. Finds: live type s in blood sample from dead mouse. Conversion of 1 bacterial strain into another. Added purified molecules to living r type cells. R cells s cells? (did these isolated components transform?) Cut up dna (dnase = enzyme that cuts up dna) no. Fragmented dna strand = no longer viable. Put cells in blender get rid of anything on surface of bacterial cells. Phosphorus (dna) but not sulfur (protein) entered the bacterial cell from the labeled bacteriophage. How did each of the following researchers contribute toward solving the structure.

Related Questions

magine that the year is 1928 and the scientific world is in an uproar trying to determine what component of the cell isresponsible for genetic inheritance. Is it DNA, protein, perhaps even RNA? You are busy in your lab, trying to help solve this crucial mystery that still plagues (then) modern day biology. Your work focuses on a microorganism, a bacterium named Streptococcus pneumoniae, and its effects on mice. There are two strains of S. pneumoniae (which is responsible for pneumonia), the âRoughâ strain (R) and âSmoothâ strain (S). The strains are very similar except the S strain has a smooth polysaccharide coat that enables the microorganism to avoid the organismâs immune system and cause illness (and death in mice). The R strain has a rough coat which is detected and dealt with by the immune system (and as a result causes no death in mice). You decide to perform a series of experiments using the R and S strain of S. pneumoniae involving injections of these strains in mice. Your results are documented in the figure below: living S strain of S. pneumoniae mouse dies of infection living R strain of S. pneumoniae mouse lives mouse lives S strain heat-killed living R strain mouse dies of infection living, pathogenic S strain recovered S strain heat-killed From these results, you figure out that something from the heat killed S strain is transforming the R strain into the virulent strain. What is this âTransforming principleâ? Is it related to the cellular component that was passed from one generation to the next? As you know, this was the initial experiment performed by Dr. Frederick Griffith that eventually led to the discovery of the true cellular component that is the genetic inheritance molecule as well as the âtransforming principleâ (Hint: Itâs DNA!).

1. Several experiments were required to demonstrate how traits are inherited. Which scientist or team of scientists first demonstrated that cells contain some component that can be transferred to a new population of cells and permanently cause changes in the new cells?

a. Griffith b. Watson and Crick c. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty d. Hershey and Chase

2. From your results, which one of the cellular components can be determined NOT to be the component responsible for genetic inheritance? Why?

a. Proteins because these macromolecules become denatured with heat. b. DNA because these macromolecules form a single helix in solution. c. RNA because it's double stranded 100% of the time d. Sugars because glycolysis happens.

3. Which one of the following experimental trials below are considered to be controls for this experiment? a. S Strain grown in 10% ethanol medium. b. Living S strain; Living R strain; Heat Killed S Strain c. Living R Strain with heat killed S strain; Living S Strain d. Heat Killed S strain; Living R strain; R strain grown in 10% ethanol medium

4. Which scientist or team of scientists obtained definitive results demonstrating that DNA is the genetic molecule? a. Griffith b. Watson c. Crick d. Hershey and Chase

5. Hershey and Chase used radiolabeled macromolecules to identify the material that contains heritable information. What radioactive material was used to track DNA during this experiment?

a. 3H b. 14C c. 35S d. 32P

6. DNA molecules, like proteins, consist of a single, long polymeric chain that is assembled from small monomeric subunits.

a. True b. False

7. The polarity of a DNA strand results from the polarity of the nucleotide subunits.

a. True b. False

8. There are five different nucleotides that become incorporates into a DNA strand.

a. True b. False

9. Hydrogen bonds between each nucleotide hold individual DNA strands together.

a. True b. False

brownpanda894

WGSS 1105 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Covalent Bond, Phosphodiester Bond, Cyanine

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOLOGY 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Erwin Chargaff, Francis Crick, Paper Chromatography

BSCI 222 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Polysaccharide, Chloroform, Uracil

MCB 2400 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Taq Polymerase, Rna Polymerase Ii, Rna Polymerase Iii

Related Questions