ACCT 2001 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Deferral, Accounts Payable

I am unsure of what is unclear. The instructions are:

1. Set up a worksheet for the solvency ratios--currentratio and the quick ratio.

2. Compute these ratios for Doctors Smith and Brown. Todo so, you will need one additional piece of information that isnot present on the doctors’statements: their maximum annual debt service is$22,200.

Practice Exercise 11–II: Solvency Ratios

Refer to Doctors Smith and Brown’s financial statementspresented in the preceding Chapter 10.

Required

1. Set up a worksheet for the solvency ratios. current ratio and the quick ratio.

2. Compute these ratios for Doctors Smith and Brown. Todo so, you will need one additional piece of information that isnot present on the doctors’statements: their maximum annual debt service is$22,200.

The requested information is below:

Exhibit 10-1 Westside Clinic Balance Sheet

Exhibit 10-2 sets out the result of operations for two years,with the most current period in the left column. If the balancesheet is a snapshot, then the statement of revenue and expenses isa diary because it is a record of transactions over the period of ayear. Operating revenues and operating expenses are set out first,with the result being income from operations of $115,000($2,000,000 less $1,885,000). Then other transactions are reported;in this case, interest income of $5,000 under the heading“Nonoperating Gains (Losses).” The total of $120,000 ($115,000 plus$5,000) is reported as an increase in fund balance. This figurecarries forward to the next major report, known as the statement ofchanges in fund balance.

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN FUND BALANCE/NET WORTH

Remember that our formula for a basic statement of revenue andexpense looked like this:

Operating Revenue — Operating Expenses = Operating Income

Exhibit 10-2 Westside Clinic Statement of Revenue andExpenses

The excess of revenue over expenses flows back into equity orfund balance through the mechanism of the statement of fundbalance/net worth. Exhibit 10-3 shows a balance at the first of theyear; then it adds the excess of revenue over expenses (in theamount of $115,000) plus some interest income (in the amount of$5,000) to arrive at the balance at the end of the year.

If you refer back to the balance sheet, you will see the$418,000 balance at the end of the year appearing on it. So we canthink of the balance sheet, the statement of revenue and expenses,and the statement of changes in fund balance/net worth as lockedtogether, with the statement of changes in fund balance being themechanism that links the other two statements.

But there is one more major report—the statement of cashflows—and we will examine it next.

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

To perceive why a statement of cash flows is necessary, we mustfirst revisit the concept of accrual basis accounting. If cash isnot paid or received when revenues and expenses are entered on thebooks—the usual situation in accrual accounting—what happens? Theother side of the entry for revenues is accounts receivable, andthe other side of the entry for expenses is accounts payable. Theseaccounts rest on the balance sheet and have not yet been turnedinto cash. Another characteristic of accrual accounting is therecognition of depreciation. A capital asset—a piece of equipment,for example—is purchased for $20,000. It has a usable life of fiveyears. So depreciation expense is recognized in each of the fiveyears until the $20,000 is used up, or depreciated. (Land is anexception to this rule: it is never depreciated.) Depreciation isrecognized within each year as an expense, but it does notrepresent a cash expense. This is a concept that now enters intothe statement of cash flows.

Exhibit 10-4 presents the current period cash flow. In effect,this statement takes the accrual basis statements and converts themto a cash flow for the period through a series of reconcilingadjustments that account for the noncash amounts.

Understanding the cash/noncash concept makes sense of thisstatement. The starting point is the income from operations, thesubtotal from the statement of revenue and expense. Depreciationand interest are added back, and changes in asset and liabilityac-counts, both positive and negative, are recognized. Theseadjustments account for operating activities. Next, capital andrelated financing activities are addressed; then investingactivities are adjusted. The result is a net increase in cash andcash equivalents of $45,000 in our example. This figure is added tothe cash balance at the beginning of the year ($145,000) to arriveat the cash balance at the end of the year ($190,000). Now referback to the balance sheet, and you will find the cash balance isindeed $190,000. So the fourth major report—the statement of cashflows—interlocks with the other three major reports.

Exhibit 10-3 Westside Clinic Statement of Changes in FundBalance

Exhibit 10-4 Westside Clinic Statement of Cash Flows