MCB 2004C Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Nonsense Mutation
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Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because
Answer Not sure which one ?!
· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes | ||
· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes | ||
· prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translateeukarytic sequences | ||
· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't | ||
· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't |
I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?
Answer not sure which one?!
· The gene knocked out was recessive. | ||
· The gene knocked out was dominant. | ||
· The gene knocked out was a lethalgene. | ||
· The knockput was integrated into a random spot,and did not knockput the original gene. |
A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end
xxCTGCA
xxG
Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?
Answer
· xxG | |||||||||||||||||
· xxC | |||||||||||||||||
· xxCCGAT | |||||||||||||||||
| · xxGGCTA An SNP always occurs dueto Answer
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I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of
Answer
· pleitropy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
· locus heterogeneity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
· allelic heterogeneity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
· dominant negative mutation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| · penetrance In his experiments, Mendelnoted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, theyare inherited independently of each other. Though Mendel didn'tknow about chromosomes, this still holds true (mostly)because Answer
Anticipation is caused by amutation that increases in expressivity over subsequentgenerations. Answer · True · False Question 44 I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of Answer
Question Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions? Answer
Question DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping. Answer · True · False |
A mosaic is an organismwith
Answer
· multiple genotypes within one organism | ||
· multiple alleles within one genotype | ||
· more than one color of fur | ||
· transgenes added to the zygote beforedevelopement | ||
· a wt phenotype but a mutated genotype |
Question
Genotype causesphenotype.
Answer
· No, gentoype just influences phenotype. | ||
· Yes, genotype is the DNA sequence that createsphenotype. |
Question
A true genetic chimera can becreated by
Answer
· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult | ||
· multiple fertilized eggs or zygotes fusing to formone embryo | ||
· adding a transgene to the genome of an organismduring fetal development only | ||
· adding cells of a different species to an adultorganism | ||
· adding a transgene to the genome of an animal atany stage in development |
Question
The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.
Answer
· dominant traits | ||
· recessive traits | ||
· allelic heterogeneity | ||
· locus heterogeneity | ||
· vampirism |
If a loss of functionmutation creates a dominant phenotype, it may be becauseof
Answer
· haploinsufficiency | ||
· penetrance | ||
· expressivity | ||
· allelic heterogeneity | ||
· locus heterogeneity |
Please select the best matchfor each.
Answer
| Answer
|
A gene mutates, and theprotein produced has a novel way of interacting with the cell, andcreates a new phenotype because of this new functionality. This iscalled
Answer
· pleitropy | ||
· locus heterogeneity | ||
· allelic heterogeneity | ||
· dominant negative mutation | ||
· gain of function dominant mutation |
Question 62
Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.
Answer
· True
· False
A degenerate PCR primer withmany variant sequences must be used to make multiple copies of agene
Answer
· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers | ||
· if the DNA you are using is cDNA to constructthe primers | ||
· if the DNA you are using is genomic DNA to becopied | ||
· if the DNA you are trying to copy iscDNA | ||
· if the vector is prokaryotic and the transformedcell is eukarytotic |
Question
Please select the best matchfor each term.
Answer
| Answer
|
Question
A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?
Answer
· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's | ||
· the child had a mutation that changed the genethat is used to trace paternity | ||
· the child is a mosaic because he is actually a setof twins fused early during fetal development, and therefore camefrom 2 eggs and 2 sperm | ||
· the dad may have germ-line mosaicism, meaning thatthe genotype of his sperm is different from his somaticgenotype | ||
· mitochondrial DNA only comes from mom, so there isno way to tell whobthe baby's father is |
13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.
| a. | analogous |
| b. | vestigial |
| c. | homologous |
| d. | convergent |
14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:
| a. | to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light. |
| b. | in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system. |
| c. | to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells |
| d. | in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin. |
15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:
| a. | inheritance of acquired characters. |
| b. | the founder effect. |
| c. | disruptive selection. |
| d. | natural selection. |
16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:
| a. | purine always pairs with a pyrimidine. |
| b. | purine always pairs with a purine. |
| c. | pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine. |
| d. | The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair. |
17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:
| a. | rRNA. |
| b. | tRNA. |
| c. | mRNA. |
| d. | RNA polymerase. |
18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:
| a. | repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around. |
| b. | enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors. |
| c. | messenger RNA during the process of transcription. |
| d. | Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed. |
19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:
| a. | when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene. |
| b. | some genes are dominant to others. |
| c. | a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. |
| d. | all of the above |
20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:
| a. | it is a dominant allele. |
| b. | new mutations causing this disease are common in that population. |
| c. | it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
| d. | the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means. |
21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.
| a. | natural selection. |
| b. | adaptation to similar environments |
| c. | convergent evolution |
| d. | All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank. |
22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?
| a. | XY |
| b. | XX |
| c. | Y |
23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:
| a. | help to package the DNA within the nucleus. |
| b. | are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA. |
| c. | may be replicating or transcribing the DNA. |
| d. | All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes. |
24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):
| a. | codon. |
| b. | gene. |
| c. | polypeptide. |
| d. | anticodon. |
If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
| A. | 512 | |
| B. | 9 | |
| C. | 18 | |
| D. | 128 | |
| E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
| A. | sister chromatids | |
| B. | germ cells | |
| C. | homologous chromosomes | |
| D. | haploid chromatids | |
| E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
| A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
| B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
| C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
| D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
| E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
| A. | there is no difference. | |
| B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
| C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
| D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
| E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
| A. | complete dominance | |
| B. | incomplete dominance | |
| C. | codominance | |
| D. | multiple alleles | |
| E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
| A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
| B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
| C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
| D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
| E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
| A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
| B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
| C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
| D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
| E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
| A. | 1/2 | |
| B. | 0 | |
| C. | 1/16 | |
| D. | 1/4 | |
| E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
| A. | genotype. | |
| B. | heterozygosity. | |
| C. | phenotype. | |
| D. | filial. | |
| E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
| A. | chromatin | |
| B. | kinetochore | |
| C. | MPF | |
| D. | centromere | |
| E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
| A. | telophase. | |
| B. | anaphase. | |
| C. | interphase. | |
| D. | metaphase. | |
| E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
| A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
| B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
| C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
| D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
| E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
| A. | None of the above | |
| B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
| C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
| D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
| E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
| A. | superwoman echidna. | |
| B. | mutant superman. | |
| C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
| D. | mutant mole rat. | |
| E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
| A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
| B. | must always be the same allele. | |
| C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
| D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
| E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
| A. | metaphase and telophase | |
| B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
| C. | interphase and telophase | |
| D. | interphase and prophase | |
| E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
| A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
| B. | multiple alleles. | |
| C. | heterozygosity. | |
| D. | incomplete dominance. | |
| E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
| A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
| B. | always recessive. | |
| C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
| D. | always one of a pair. | |
| E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
| A. | spindle fibers. | |
| B. | kinetochores. | |
| C. | chromatids. | |
| D. | chromatin. | |
| E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
| A. | egg cells. | |
| B. | somatic cells. | |
| C. | germ cells. | |
| D. | stem cells. | |
| E. | basal cells. |