MICROM 301 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Active Transport, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Biofilm
Lecture 1
- 3 domains
oBacteria
oArchaea
oEukarya
- Difference between archaea and bacteria
oArchaea DON’T HAVE PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Many are extremophiles
oBacteria HAVE peptidoglycan
- Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
oEukaryotes have membrane bound nucleus
- Types of eukaryotes
oAlgae – photosynthetic, live in aqueous environments
oFungi – yeasts, molds, mushrooms
oProtozoa
oMulticellular parasites (worms) – we can see them
- Acellular infectious agents: non living, require hosts for replication
oViruses: nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), surrounded by protein coat
oViroids: nucleic acid only (RNA), no protein coat
oPrions: protein only
Misfolded protein that causes other normal proteins to misfold
Mad cow disease
- Nomenclature
oGenus species
- Molecules of life
oCarbohydrates – structural component of CELL WALLS, storage products (ex.
glycogen)
oLipids – important component of CELL MEMBRANES (phospholipid bilayer)
oProteins – make enzymes and other cell components
oNucleic acids – subunits = nucleotides; DNA (carries genetic info) & RNA (various
roles in protein synthesis)
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LECTURE 2 –
Gram staining
- Gram positive = purple = thicker peptidoglycan
- Gram negative = pink = thinner peptidoglycan, no outer membrane
Biofilm (multicellular association)
- Sdfa
Cytoplasmic membrane used in energy transformation (NOT IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS)
-Electron transport chain: proteins eject protons from the cell, create electrochemical
gradient
oStarts by transferring electrons which moves protons out as well
oCreates a proton gradient (positive outside, negative / hydroxide ions inside)
-Proton Motive Force: protons are allowed back into the cell; this energy is used to drive
other cellular processes
oused to fuel
ATP synthesis
Rotation of flagella
oEnergy can be harvested when protons are allowed to move back into cell
This energy later used for other cellular processes
oProton is brought in simultaneously as a different molecule is ejected or brought
in
Prokaryotic Structures:
Capsule with pilus; flagellum sticking out cell wall cytoplasmic membrane cytoplasm with
ribosomes nucleoid, DNA
-Pili: two types
oFimbriae (common type): allow cells to stick to surfaces
some are used for twitching or gliding motility
osex pili: involved in DNA transfer
-capsule: layer outside the cell wall, usually made of polysaccharide
ogelatinous; allow bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces
oallow some organisms to avoid body’s defense systems cause disease
- plasmid???
- TABLE 3.3
Types of Transport Systems:
1. Facilitated diffusion: doesn’t need energy (passive transport)
oHelps the natural process of diffusion
oProkaryotes usually don’t use facilitated diffusion (typically in low nutrient
environments)
2. Active transport: energy is used (either ATP or proton motive force)
oMoves things against their concentration gradient
3. Group translocation: the transported molecule is chemically changed as it passes into
the cell
oTypically done by adding a phosphate group to molecule that is being
transported (phosphorylation)
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Difference between archaea and bacteria: archaea don"t have peptidoglycan. Many are extremophiles: bacteria have peptidoglycan. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes: eukaryotes have membrane bound nucleus. Types of eukaryotes: algae photosynthetic, live in aqueous environments, fungi yeasts, molds, mushrooms, protozoa, multicellular parasites (worms) we can see them. Acellular infectious agents: non living, require hosts for replication: viruses: nucleic acid (dna or rna), surrounded by protein coat, viroids: nucleic acid only (rna), no protein coat, prions: protein only. Misfolded protein that causes other normal proteins to misfold. Gram positive = purple = thicker peptidoglycan. Gram negative = pink = thinner peptidoglycan, no outer membrane. Cytoplasmic membrane used in energy transformation (not in eukaryotic cells) Electron transport chain: proteins eject protons from the cell, create electrochemical gradient: starts by transferring electrons which moves protons out as well, creates a proton gradient (positive outside, negative / hydroxide ions inside)
