BIOL 1111- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 36 pages long!)
13 Oct 2017
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Overview: reconnaissance, recognition, and response: an animal must defend itself against unwelcome intruders the many potentially dangerous viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens it encounters in the air, in food, and in water. It must also deal with abnormal body cells, which, in some cases, may develop into cancer: two major kinds of defense have evolved to counter these threats, the first kind of defense is innate immunity. Innate defenses are largely nonspecific, responding to a broad range of microbes. Innate immunity consists of external barriers formed by the skin and mucous membranes, plus a set of internal cellular and chemical defenses that defend against microbes that breach the external barriers. The internal defenses include macrophages and other phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy pathogens: a second kind of defense is acquired immunity. Acquired immunity develops only after exposure to microbes, abnormal body cells, or other foreign substances. Acquired defenses are highly specific and can distinguish one inducing agent from another.
